三聚氰胺是什么?奶粉中为何会有三聚氰胺What is melamine? Why melamine powder in

本站新闻：三聚氰胺是什么?奶粉中为何会有三聚氰胺

管理员 投递于 2008-9-17 14:58:07

　　最近这个三聚氰胺比较出名，公子我是学高分子材料的，对这个三聚氰胺多少有些了解，近来不少人问我这个三聚氰胺是啥东西？那俺就给大家说说：

　　三聚氰胺（英文名Melamine），是一种三嗪类含氮杂环有机化合物，重要的氮杂环有机化工原料。简称三胺，又叫2 ,4 ,6- 三氨基-1,3,5-三嗪、1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-三胺、2,4,6-三氨基脲、蜜胺、三聚氰酰胺、氰脲三酰胺，分子式C3N6H6、C3N3(NH2)3，分子量126.12。

三聚氰胺物理化学特性

　　三聚氰胺性状为纯白色单斜棱晶体，无味，密度1.573g／cm3 (16℃)。常压熔点354℃（分解）；快速加热升华，升华温度300℃。溶于热水，微溶于冷水，极微溶于热乙醇，不溶于醚、苯和四氯化碳，可溶于甲醇、甲醛、乙酸、热乙二醇、甘油、吡啶等。低毒。在一般情况下较稳定，但在高温下可能会分解放出氰化物。

　　呈弱碱性（pKb=8），与盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、乙酸、草酸等都能形成三聚氰胺盐。在中性或微碱性情况下，与甲醛缩合而成各种羟甲基三聚氰胺，但在微酸性中（pH值5.5～6.5）与羟甲基的衍生物进行缩聚反应而生成树脂产物。遇强酸或强碱水溶液水解，胺基逐步被羟基取代，先生成三聚氰酸二酰胺，进一步水解生成三聚氰酸一酰胺，最后生成三聚氰酸。转自"碧云.轩"

三聚氰胺主要用途

　　三聚氰胺是一种用途广泛的基本有机化工中间产品，最主要的用途是作为生产三聚氰胺甲醛树脂（MF）的原料。三聚氰胺还可以作阻燃剂、减水剂、甲醛清洁剂等。该树脂硬度比脲醛树脂高，不易燃，耐水、耐热、耐老化、耐电弧、耐化学腐蚀、有良好的绝缘性能、光泽度和机械强度，广泛运用于木材、塑料、涂料、造纸、纺织、皮革、电气、医药等行业。

三聚氰胺生物学毒性

　　目前三聚氰胺被认为毒性轻微，大鼠口服的半数致死量大于3克/公斤体重。据1945年的一个实验报道：将大剂量的三聚氰胺饲喂给大鼠、兔和狗后没有观察到明显的中毒现象。动物长期摄入三聚氰胺会造成生殖、泌尿系统的损害，膀胱、肾部结石，并可进一步诱发膀胱癌。1994年国际化学品安全规划署和欧洲联盟委员会合编的《国际化学品安全手册》第三卷和国际化学品安全卡片也只说明：长期或反复大量摄入三聚氰胺可能对肾与膀胱产生影响，导致产生结石。然而，2007 年美国宠物食品污染事件的初步调查结果认为：掺杂了≤6.6%三聚氰胺的小麦蛋白粉是宠物食品导致中毒的原因，为上述毒性轻微的结论画上了问号。但为安全计，一般采用三聚氰胺制造的食具都会标明“不可放进微波炉使用”。

三聚氰胺的假蛋白原理

　　由于食品和饲料工业蛋白质含量测试方法的缺陷，三聚氰胺也常被不法商人用作食品添加剂，以提升食品检测中的蛋白质含量指标，因此三聚氰胺也被人称为“蛋白精”。

　　蛋白质主要由氨基酸组成，其含氮量一般不超过30%，而三聚氰胺的分子式含氮量为66％左右。通用的蛋白质测试方法“凯氏定氮法”是通过测出含氮量来估算蛋白质含量，因此，添加三聚氰胺会使得食品的蛋白质测试含量偏高，从而使劣质食品通过食品检验机构的测试。有人估算在植物蛋白粉和饲料中使测试蛋白质含量增加一个百分点，用三聚氰胺的花费只有真实蛋白原料的1/5。三聚氰胺作为一种白色结晶粉末，没有什么气味和味道，掺杂后不易被发现。

　　奶粉事件：各个品牌奶粉中蛋白质含量为15-20%（晚上在超市看到包装上还有标示为10-20%的），蛋白质中含氮量平均为16%。以某合格牛奶蛋白质含量为2.8%计算，含氮量为0.44%，某合格奶粉蛋白质含量为18%计算，含氮量为2.88%。而三聚氰胺含氮量为66.6%，是牛奶的151倍，是奶粉的23倍。每100g牛奶中添加0.1克三聚氰胺，就能提高0.4%蛋白质。大家现在明白奶粉中为什么会有三聚氰胺这东西了吧？

　　微溶系指溶质1g(ml)能在溶剂100～不到1000ml中溶解，三聚氰胺在水中微溶，在牛奶这种水包油型的乳液中溶解度未找到实验数据，本人觉得比水的溶解度要好一些，待验证。

三聚氰胺与肾结石

　　吃了含三聚氰胺为什么会得肾结石呢？三聚氰胺本身毒性轻微，据说动物长期摄入三聚氰胺会造成生殖、泌尿系统的损害，膀胱、肾部结石，并可进一步诱发膀胱癌。为什么吃了含三聚氰胺的奶粉会得肾结石呢？

　　公子我用百度研究了好久，终于找到2个专家的说法：

　　解放军第一医院泌尿科住院总医师李文辉则告诉记者，化验发现，收治婴儿中有90%以上为尿酸胺结石，这种情况在结石中非常少见，只占到各种结石的6%-10%。经过进一步检测，推测这些婴儿是由于摄入的脂肪和蛋白含量比例失调，引起体内嘌呤碱代谢异常，继而产生尿酸和尿酸盐结晶，在上尿路梗阻后形成肾结石，导致肾衰竭。“我个人认为，这些孩子肾结石与奶粉的关系很大，化验的事还要其他部门确认。”李文辉说。
　　南京大学医学院博士生导师、南京鼓楼医院泌尿科外科孙西钊教授告诉记者，这种结石的成分是由二水尿酸和尿酸铵混合形成的，具体形成的原因比较复杂。通过溶石的实验后，发现以二水尿酸为主。

　　公子我寻思着：原来这个三聚氰胺起到的不是直接的作用，是间接的？三聚氰胺冒充了蛋白，引起脂肪和蛋白含量比例失调，婴儿的主要蛋白来源是奶粉，奶粉脂肪和蛋白含量比例失调，就会引起肾结石？那成人吃含三聚氰胺的奶制品是不是就安全了？因为我们还有其他蛋白来源。天，搞不懂，俺不是学医的，就跟你们解释到这里。公子我还常喝酸奶啊，安全吗？

Site News: What is melamine? Why melamine powder in

Recently, the well-known melamine, I am a son of polymer materials science, this melamine somewhat understand that many people have recently asked me what this thing is melamine? Anjiu to talk about it all:

Melamine (English name Melamine), a triazine heterocyclic organic compounds, it is important to ring nitrogen organic chemical raw materials. Three referred to as amines, also known as 2, 4, 6 - three amino-1 ,3,5 - triazine, 1,3,5 - triazine-2 - three-, 2, 4, 6 - three amino Urea, melamine, the three-cyanide-, three-urea cyanide, molecular formula C3N6H6, C3N3 (NH2) 3, molecular weight 126.12.

Melamine physical and chemical properties

Melamine characters for the pure white monoclinic crystal edge, tasteless, density 1.573g/cm3 (16 ℃). Normal melting point 354 ℃ (decomposition); rapid increase dye-sublimation, distillation temperature 300 ℃. Soluble in hot water, micro-soluble in cold water, very little heat soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether, benzene and carbon tetrachloride can be dissolved in methanol, formaldehyde, acetic acid, hot ethylene glycol, glycerin, pyridine, and so on. Low toxicity. Under normal circumstances, a more stable, but at a high temperature may break down to release cyanide.

Was weak alkaline (pKb = 8), and hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, and so be able to form a melamine salt. In the neutral or slightly alkaline, the condensation of formaldehyde and from a variety of hydroxymethyl melamine, but in the middle of Micro (pH value of 5.5 to 6.5) and hydroxymethyl derivatives for the condensation reaction and generate a product of resin. Case of strong acid or alkali solution hydrolysis, the amino-being gradually replaced by Mr. Cyanuric into the second-, third-generation further hydrolysis one-cyanate, the last generation Cyanuric. Carried over "Pik. Xuan"

Melamine is mainly used

Melamine is a wide range of basic organic chemical intermediates, the main purpose is the production of melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) of raw materials. Melamine can make a flame retardant, water-reducing agent, formaldehyde cleaning agents. The hardness of resin than urea-formaldehyde resin, non-flammable, water-resistant, heat-resistant, anti-aging, arc resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, good insulation properties, gloss and mechanical strength, widely used in wood, plastic, paint, paper, Textile, leather, electrical and pharmaceutical industries.

Melamine biological toxicity

Melamine is currently seen as slightly toxic, rat's oral LD50 is greater than 3 g / kg body weight. According to a 1945 experiment: the high dose of melamine fed to rats, rabbits and dogs did not observe significant toxicity. Animals can cause long-term intake of melamine reproductive, urinary system damage, bladder, kidney stones and may further induce bladder cancer. In 1994 the International Program on Chemical Safety and the European Commission co-editor of "International Chemical Safety Handbook," Volume III and the International Chemical Safety Cards only: the long-term or repeated intake of a large number of melamine may have an impact on kidney and bladder, Have led to the stone. However, the 2007 U.S. pet food contamination is a preliminary investigation concluded that: a mix of ≤ 6.6% of melamine in wheat gluten meal is the pet food poisoning led to the reasons for the above-mentioned slightly toxic to the conclusion drawn on the question mark. But the safe side, generally made of melamine utensils will be marked "can not be put into the use of microwave ovens."

Melamine leave the principle of protein

As the food and feed industry test the protein content of the defect, melamine unscrupulous traders also often used as a food additive to enhance the detection of food protein content indicators, the melamine was also known as the "sperm protein."

The main protein from amino acid composition, its nitrogen content less than 30%, and the formula of melamine nitrogen content of 66%. General protein test, "Kjeldahl" measured by nitrogen content to estimate the protein content, add melamine will make the food protein content of the test on the high side, so that the poor quality of food through the food inspection agency of the test. It was estimated in the vegetable protein powder and protein content of feed, make the test by one percentage point increase in the use of melamine, only the true cost of raw materials protein 1 / 5. Melamine is a white crystalline powder, no smell and taste, not after doping was found.

Milk powder incident: the various brands of milk protein content of 15-20% (in the supermarket that night package also marked as 10-20%), protein nitrogen content in an average of 16%. To pass a milk protein content of 2.8% to 0.44% nitrogen content, a qualified milk protein content of 18% to 2.88% nitrogen content. Melamine and 66.6 percent for the nitrogen content is 151 times that of milk, milk powder is 23 times. Add milk 100g per 0.1 grams of melamine, will be able to raise the 0.4 percent protein. Now you understand why there melamine powder in this thing now?

Micro-dissolved solute means 1g (ml) in the solvent from 100 to less than 1000ml dissolved, melamine micro-soluble in water, milk in this oil-in-water emulsion of the type found in the solubility of experimental data, I feel better than the water solubility , To be verified.

Melamine and kidney stones

Why eating melamine-containing kidney stones will have to do? Melamine is slightly toxic, long-term intake of animal is said to cause reproductive melamine, urinary system damage, bladder, kidney stones and may further induce bladder cancer. Why eating melamine-containing kidney stones of the formula will have to do?

I use Baidu's son studied for a long time, finally found 2 experts:

The first People's Liberation Army General Hospital urologist Dr. Li Wenhui hospital told reporters that laboratory tests found that babies treated in more than 90% for stone-uric acid, which is very rare in stone, only to a variety of stones 6% -10 %. After further testing, they speculated that the baby was due to the intake of fat and protein content ratio imbalance in the body caused by abnormal metabolism of purine base and then produce uric acid and salt crystallization in the upper urinary tract obstruction after the formation of kidney stones, leading to kidney failure. "My personal view is that the children's milk with kidney stones in it to do tests also confirmed that other departments." Li Wenhui said.
Nanjing University School of Medicine doctoral tutor, Nanjing Gulou Hospital Surgical Urology Professor Sun Xizhao told reporters that the composition of stone from dihydrate uric acid in urine and the formation of the mixed perchlorate, a specific form of a number of complicated factors. Litholytic through the experiment, found mainly in acid dihydrate.

I have a son thinking: So this is not the melamine played a direct role in indirect? Melamine posing as a protein, fat and protein content caused by imbalance, the baby's milk is the main source of protein, fat and protein content of milk powder imbalance, it will cause kidney stones? That adults eat dairy products containing the melamine is not on the security? Because we have other sources of protein. Days, do not understand, the span is not a medical student, you like to explain here. He Suannai my son often ah, safe?

三聚氰胺假蛋白原理Melamine-off theory

三聚氰胺假蛋白原理

来源：百度 作者： 发布时间：2008.09.16

由于食品和饲料工业蛋白质含量测试方法的缺陷，三聚氰胺也常被不法商人用作食品添加剂，以提升食品检测中的蛋白质含量指标，因此三聚氰胺也被人称为“蛋白精”。 蛋白质主要由氨基酸组成，其含氮量一般不超过30%，而三聚氰胺的分子式含氮量为66％左右。通用的蛋白质测试方法“凯氏定氮法”是通过测出含氮量来估算蛋白质含量，因此，添加三聚氰胺会使得食品的蛋白质测试含量偏高，从而使劣质食品通过食品检验机构的测试。有人估算在植物蛋白粉和饲料中使测试蛋白质含量增加一个百分点，用三聚氰胺的花费只有真实蛋白原料的1/5。三聚氰胺作为一种白色结晶粉末，没有什么气味和味道，掺杂后不易被发现。 奶粉事件：各个品牌奶粉中蛋白质含量为15-20%（晚上在超市看到包装上还有标示为10-20%的），蛋白质中含氮量平均为16%。以某合格牛奶蛋白质含量为2.8%计算，含氮量为0.44%，某合格奶粉蛋白质含量为18%计算，含氮量为2.88%。而三聚氰胺含氮量为66.6%，是牛奶的151倍，是奶粉的23倍。每100g牛奶中添加0.1克三聚氰胺，就能提高0.4%蛋白质。 微溶系指溶质1g(ml)能在溶剂100～不到1000ml中溶解，三聚氰胺在水中微溶，在牛奶这种水包油型的乳液中溶解度未找到实验数据，本人觉得比水的溶解度要好一些，待验证。 Melamine-off theory Source: Baidu Author: Published: 2008.09.16 As the food and feed industry test the protein content of the defect, melamine unscrupulous traders also often used as a food additive to enhance the detection of food protein content indicators, the melamine was also known as the "sperm protein." The main protein from amino acid composition, its nitrogen content less than 30%, and the formula of melamine nitrogen content of 66%. General protein test, "Kjeldahl" measured by nitrogen content to estimate the protein content, add melamine will make the food protein content of the test on the high side, so that the poor quality of food through the food inspection agency of the test. It was estimated in the vegetable protein powder and protein content of feed, make the test by one percentage point increase in the use of melamine, only the true cost of raw materials protein 1 / 5. Melamine is a white crystalline powder, no smell and taste, not after doping was found. Milk powder incident: the various brands of milk protein content of 15-20% (in the supermarket that night package also marked as 10-20%), protein nitrogen content in an average of 16%. To pass a milk protein content of 2.8% to 0.44% nitrogen content, a qualified milk protein content of 18% to 2.88% nitrogen content. Melamine and 66.6 percent for the nitrogen content is 151 times that of milk, milk powder is 23 times. Add milk 100g per 0.1 grams of melamine, will be able to raise the 0.4 percent protein. Micro-dissolved solute means 1g (ml) in the solvent from 100 to less than 1000ml dissolved, melamine micro-soluble in water, milk in this oil-in-water emulsion of the type found in the solubility of experimental data, I feel better than the water solubility , To be verified.

感冒病患 7成會鼻塞7 0% cold patients will have a stuffy nose

感冒病患 7成會鼻塞 　感冒病患 7成會鼻塞 【詹建富】秋冬是感冒的好發季節，根據一項統計，在台灣，每人每年平均感冒2.72次，並有7成病患發生鼻塞症狀，但有人卻不以為意，曾有一名專業品酒師因感冒鼻塞，卻因此造成部分嗅覺喪失，差點丟了工作。 台大醫院耳鼻喉科主治醫師葉德輝指出，常見的上呼吸道感染症狀有喉嚨痛、咳嗽、發燒和鼻塞、流鼻水，其中以鼻塞的發生機率最高，持續最久，也最令人困擾，主要是呼吸不順會讓人頭昏腦脹、睡眠品質變差，甚至影響工作情緒。 葉德輝指出，根據臨床經驗，因感冒而引發的鼻塞，這種不適通常會持續7至10天之久，其原因是細菌或病毒侵犯到鼻黏膜，引起發炎反應，進而刺激鼻黏膜血管腫脹。但要注意的是，有的病毒會進一步傷害到嗅覺神經，以致無法聞到氣味，例如家裡瓦斯漏氣卻聞不出來異味，吃到酸臭的食物也不自知。 葉德輝曾診治一名專業品酒師，他在罹患感冒後，嚴重鼻塞卻不以為意，未料嗅覺的靈敏度因此大不如前，還險些丟了工作。他提醒，也有患者因長期鼻塞，經檢查後才發現得了腫瘤，顯示有長期鼻塞症狀，一定要詳加求醫診治。 葉德輝表示，針對感冒引發的鼻塞，其實不去治療，也有可能在感冒過後就自動痊癒，但有的病人在急性鼻塞時，甚至無法工作，或是上課沒有精神，因此不妨使用去鼻充血劑來改善鼻塞效果，它沒有市售抗組織胺會引起嗜睡的副作用。至於用熱毛巾局部熱敷，雖有部分緩解鼻塞的不適，但它不具任何治療效果。 不過，他強調，也有極少數病人對治鼻塞的擬交感神經劑會出現失眠、昏眩或血壓升高的副作用，也不建議7歲以下兒童或孕婦使用。 2008-09-29 7 0% cold patients will have a stuffy nose 7 into a cold patients will have a stuffy nose Zhan Jian】 【rich autumn and winter cold is a good season, according to a survey in Taiwan per person per year on average 2.72 times a cold, and 7 patients into a stuffy nose symptoms occur, but some people do not seem to mind the idea, there have been a professional goods Liquor division as a result of a cold stuffy nose, but some of the resulting loss of sense of smell, I almost lost their jobs. National Taiwan University Hospital ENT physician Te-Huei Yeh pointed out that the common upper respiratory tract infection symptoms are sore throat, cough, fever and stuffy nose, runny nose, stuffy nose with the highest incidence, the longest, most Problems, mainly respiratory Touhunnaozhang people will not ring true, the deterioration of the quality of sleep, and even emotional impact of the work. Te-Huei Yeh pointed out that according to clinical experience, and as a result of a cold-induced stuffy nose, which usually does not continue 7-10 days old because of bacteria or viruses to the violation of nasal mucosa, causing inflammation and swelling of blood vessels in turn lead to nasal . Yet it must be noted, and some virus will further harm to the olfactory nerve and can not smell the smell, such as home gas leak but did not hear out of smell, eat the food Suanxiu not know. Ye Dehui treated in a professional Sommelier, he was suffering from a cold, stuffy nose does not seem to mind the idea of serious, sensitive sense of smell is not expected much worse than before, therefore, almost lost his work. He reminded, but also because of the long-term patients with nasal obstruction, the inspection found that after the tumor had revealed that long-term nasal symptoms, a doctor must be careful diagnosis and treatment. Te-Huei Yeh said that for cold-induced stuffy nose, in fact, not treatment, and, possibly, on a cold after the self-limiting, but some patients with acute nasal obstruction, if not impossible to work, school or not, therefore, may wish to use the nasal congestion Agent to improve the effectiveness of nasal obstruction, antihistamines on the market that it does not cause the side effects of drowsiness. As for the hot local hot towel, although some of the stuffy nose to ease the discomfort, but it does not have any therapeutic effect. However, he stressed that there are a very small number of patients on the nasal administration of sympathetic nerve agent to be insomnia, dizzy or side effects of blood pressure, not recommended for children under 7 years old or pregnant women. 2008-09-29 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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6-10歲 思考期 遊戲動動腦6-10 years old thinking minds fixed period of the game

6-10歲 思考期 遊戲動動腦 　動物大風吹 　相撲大力士 【曾希文】6到10歲的孩子，開始冒出自己想法，漸漸會思考，懂得舉一反三，雲門舞集舞蹈教室老師呂秋燕表示，透過遊戲，可讓孩子表達對生活事物的看法，也有助於肌肉體能發展，增加平衡感、協調性控制，自然健康成長。 提問＋提示 呂秋燕說，這個年紀的孩子，身心逐步發展當中，爸爸媽媽可以多問孩子，「你的想法是什麼？」、「這件事，你覺得感覺怎麼樣？」等，和孩子討論分享，或有時給予一點提示，幫助孩子充分表現自我。 孩子都玩愛遊戲，其實遊戲當中也有大道理，呂秋燕為6至10歲孩子設計的遊戲包括「彈力橡皮筋」、「相撲大力士」、「動物大風吹」，都是屬於比較活潑、運用力量、全身性的遊戲。 「我覺得6至10歲的孩子，最重要的就是培養體能」。呂秋燕說，因為健康和體力才是真正的本錢，建議爸媽每天為安排孩子有個跑跑跳跳的時間，例如多到戶外公園，時間至少1個小時。 運動＋動腦 在「彈力橡皮筋」遊戲當中，繩子遊戲必須先準備橡皮筋，家長和孩子一起共編橡皮筋繩，也是增加彼此感情，分工合作，小朋友手部肌肉也獲得活動。玩「彈力橡皮筋」，需要全身協調性，尤其孩子必須目測繩子的高低和距離。 呂秋燕表示，目測距離的能力，和孩子大腦前庭的發展有關，有些孩子前庭刺激不足，可能會出現一直踩線，或不斷勾到繩子的情況，爸爸媽媽可從中觀察留意。 專注＋耐心 平常還有一些和孩子玩距離遊戲的方法，例如讓孩子猜眼前一段距離要走幾步？是大步還是小步呢？如果改用手掌，大約是幾個？然後讓孩子親自去試，實地走走看，看自己猜的到底準不準，藉此練習對距離的認知。 其實玩遊戲，通常需要多種能力的應用和配合，玩遊戲的時候，孩子必須很專注，也是培養耐心。 （示範及動作設計：台灣雲門舞集舞蹈教室老師呂秋燕） 動物大風吹 動一動：大風吹，相信每個人都玩過，遊戲可選在家中客廳進行，爸爸媽媽和孩子選定位置坐好，大家輪流出題。 目的：大風吹是老少咸宜，很容易帶動氣氛的遊戲，適合全家人一起玩，透過題目和答案，增進彼此了解和趣味話題。 進階版：除了比誰能搶到位子，出題目的人還可以要求變化移動的方式。例如，「小白兔跳」、「大象走路」等，每個人就要以跳的、模仿大象的特徵，找到新的位子。也可變化速度，例如「很慢很慢的烏龜」，那最後一個到位子的人，才算贏喔！ 彈力橡皮筋 動一動：利用簡單可取得的橡皮筋，爸爸媽媽先和孩子一起合作，編織一條長長的橡皮筋繩。完成之後，爸爸媽媽負責拉住繩子兩端，如果只有兩個人，搬一張椅子，固定一段，然後控制高度，從低處開始，讓孩子試著用單腳或雙腳，甚至任何方式跳過繩子。 目的：這個遊戲，可能會讓不少爸爸媽媽勾起童年記憶，但現代小孩，玩這種單純遊戲的機會反而不多。繩子可讓孩子練習準確目測距離，想辦法跳過繩子也是一大挑戰，增加身體協調性。 進階版：可邊跳邊念歌謠，如「小皮球香蕉油」、「城門城門雞蛋糕」，跳法配合歌謠節奏。 相撲大力士 動一動：看過電視上的日本相撲吧！兩個人為一組，爸爸或媽媽和孩子面對面，彼此相隔一大步，兩人手對手使力，誰先跌倒就輸囉！ 目的：玩相撲可讓孩子練習力氣的運用，體會力道變化的巧妙之處，不一定用蠻力就能贏。想要出力，兩腳就得站穩。爸爸媽媽適度禮讓孩子，讓小朋友享受勝利的感覺。 進階版：也可利用童軍繩，一人拉一端，放在自己腰際。膝蓋微彎，互比腰力，誰先移動就輸啦！玩相撲的時候，也可以加入「表情」，讓對方笑場，也算戰術之一。 2008-09-24 6-10 years old thinking minds fixed period of the game Large animals, the wind Hercules sumo Hickman has】 【6-10 year-olds start up their own ideas, gradually will be thinking, know how to judge the whole, the Cloud Gate Dance Theater, a dance studio teacher Lvqiu Yan said that through the game allows children to express their views on living things, but also contribute to the Physical muscle development, increased sense of balance, coordination and control of natural healthy growth. + Prompt questions Lvqiu Yan said that the children of this age, physical and mental development step by step, parents can ask their children, "What are you thinking?" And "the matter, how do you feel that?" And so on, and discuss their children to share, or Sometimes a little to give tips to help children fully self-expression. Children love to play the game, in fact, the game is also among the major principles, Lv Qiuyan for 6-10 year-old children, including the design of the game, "elastic rubber band", "Hercules Sumo," "Animal big wind", are relatively active, the use of force , The body of the game. "I think 6-10 year-olds, the most important thing is physical training." Lvqiu Yan said that because of health and physical strength is the real capital, the proposed arrangements for the day, parents have their children skip along the time, for example, the number of outdoor parks, at least 1 hour. + Minds campaign "Elastic rubber band" of the game, the game must be prepared to rope rubber band, parents and children together for a total of rubber band to justice, but also increase the feelings of each other, a division of labor, children have access to hand muscle activity. Play "elastic rubber band," the need to coordinate the body, in particular, children must be of high and low rope and visual distance. Lvqiu Yan said that the visual distance capabilities, and the brain child of the vestibular development, and some children less than vestibular stimulation, there may be a step on the line has been, or continue to hook to the rope, parents can watch from observation. + Focus on patient There are also common and children away from playing the game, for example, allow children to guess a few steps in front a long way to go? Is a big step or small step? If you use the palm of your hand, is about a few? And then let the children go to trial in person, on-site visit, to see themselves in the end the accurate guess, to take this away from the practice of cognition. In fact, play games, usually require a variety of applications and the ability to meet, play games, the children must be very focused, but also cultivate patience. (Model design and action: Taiwan Cloud Gate Dance Theater, a dance studio teacher Lvqiu Yan) Large animals, the wind Dong Yidong: the wind, I believe that everyone played the game optional living room at home, parents and children to sit in selected locations, and we take turns out the title. Objective: the wind is the big family, it is easy to promote an atmosphere of the game for the whole family to play together through the subject and answers, enhance mutual understanding and interesting topic. Advanced version: In addition to the more than who can grab a seat, a topic also can request changes in the movement. For example, the "little rabbit hop" and "elephant walk" and so on, everyone should jump to, and imitate the characteristics of an elephant, to find a new place. Can also change the speed, such as "slow is slow tortoise", and that the last-place, winning only Oh! Elastic rubber band Dong Yidong: simple rubber band can be achieved, parents and children to work together, weaving a long rope rubber band. After the completion of the parents is responsible for pulling both ends of the rope, if only two people to move a chair, for a fixed, and then a high degree of control from the start low and let the children try to use one leg or legs, and even jump in any way Over the rope. Objective: This game may make a lot of parents brought back childhood memories, but the modern child, play this simple game but not many opportunities. Rope allows children to practice accurate visual distance, find a way to skip rope is a great challenge to increase physical coordination. Advanced version: Edge edges to study dance songs such as "small ball banana oil" and "Shing Mun chicken pie," Law hop songs with rhythm. Hercules sumo Dong Yidong: seen on television in Japan Sumo it! A group of two people, father or mother and child face-to-face, a big gap between the two hands so that the opponent, who fell on to lose Hello! Objective: To allow children to play sumo practice the use of energy, experience changes in the strength of the trick may not be able to use brute force to win. 'd Like to contribute, both feet must stand firm. Parents appropriate comity children to enable children to enjoy the feeling of victory. Advanced version: Scout may also make use of ropes, pull one end, on his waist. Microbend knee each other than Yao Li, who move on to lose it! Sumo play, can join the "expression" and the other side smiling field, but also one of the tactical balance. 2008-09-24 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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毒奶風波最新發展Milk poisoning incident on the latest developments

1.	毒奶風波最新發展 文章日期：2008年9月30日 ●香港驗出含三聚氰胺食品﹕
2.	印尼驗出超毒M&M's 　 文章日期：2008年9月29日 【明報專訊】三聚氰胺毒奶遺害愈揭愈厲害，暢銷全球的國際知名朱古力品牌Mars，旗下M&M's三款朱古力和Snickers，以及卡夫出產的Oreo朱古力威化條，均被印尼當局驗出極高濃度的三聚氰胺，其中一款M&M's牛奶朱古力三聚氰胺含量竟達856.3ppm，成人吃一包已超出安全標準，3歲幼童甚至吃數粒已有生腎石危險。
3.	港童腎石確診增至5宗 文章日期：2008年9月26日 【明報專訊】本港再多1名10歲男童飲用含三聚氰胺奶類製品後，驗出有腎石之確診個案，男童曾在內地居住，現居香港，他有飲用蒙牛或伊利牌高鈣低脂奶習慣，令本港確診個案增至5宗。另外，醫管局在今日於廣華及北區醫院增設兩所評估中心，9間評估中心將增設周六上午診症時段，以紓緩輪候驗腎的人潮。
4.	母在港買奶粉 台兩姊弟中招 文章日期：2008年9月26日 【明報專訊】一位從香港嫁到台灣宜蘭的女子，因一對3歲及1歲半的嬰兒長期食用在香港買的奶粉，在毒奶粉風暴下，日前往宜蘭的陽明大學附設醫院檢驗，結果2名嬰兒都檢出腎結石，這是台灣首宗嬰兒因食用奶粉撿出腎結石的個案。
5.	致電衛署感求助無援 　 文章日期：2008年9月25日 【明報專訊】毒奶粉事件愈鬧愈大，不少媽媽都憂心忡忡，資深傳媒人陳惜姿亦為了兩名年幼兒女十分焦急。自內地傳出毒奶粉事件起，她便想起囝囝以往不時說小便刺痛，擔心得要死，即時到私家醫院為兒子預約檢驗，直至傳媒驗出6歲囝囝自兩歲多起便一直飲用的雀巢金裝助長奶粉含三聚氰胺，她更是心裏一沉。
6.	家長斥熱線不通親往登記 文章日期：2008年9月25日 【明報專訊】為懷疑曾飲用「毒奶」兒童作健康檢驗的瑪嘉烈醫院評估中心，昨日雖然沒有再迫爆，運作大致回復正常，但仍有家長批評瑪嘉烈醫院的登記熱線長期無法接通，唯有親臨醫院登記，卻只獲安排下月檢查，令家長浪費車費及時間。
7.	台立頓奶茶疑用毒奶精回收 文章日期：2008年9月25日 【明報專訊】食物安全中心再驗出另一包裝的大白兔糖含有三聚氰胺，含量更較早前公布的一款大白兔糖高出2.5倍，達16ppm（百萬分之16），3歲幼童若一天吃了半包（約40粒）便會超出安全標準。另外，台灣聯合利華出品的「立頓綠奶茶」可能使用含有三聚氰胺的奶精做原料，當地宣布全部查封及回收。
8.	世衛促嚴防問題手法擴散 文章日期：2008年9月24日 【明報專訊】中國毒奶粉問題愈演愈烈，世界衛生組織表示至今未知道有多少個國家因中國製的受污染奶產品所影響，警告要防止有害的奶產品製法流入其他國家，而歐盟在周一要求歐洲食物安全局（EFSA）急須向消費者交代受污染中國牛奶的禍害。另外，再多兩個國家宣布限制中國奶製品入口。
9.	毒奶事件最新進展 文章日期：2008年9月24日 【明報專訊】■確診疑因三聚氰胺而患病港童昨再增2人，累計4人；內地則逼近5.3萬人
10.	醫局驗腎超額擬求助私醫 　 文章日期：2008年9月24日 【明報專訊】三聚氰胺「腎石奶」毒禍已全面升級，醫院管理局昨接獲的個案已超出預算名額五成，部分診所個案更超額3倍，港府更將抗毒奶行動升級，成立專責小組全面研究毒奶食品在港的滲透層面及幅度、本港醫療人手承受能力等，更準備向私營機構求助。醫管局主席胡定旭對本報表示，驗腎等連串醫療服務需求按日倍增，為免影響正常服務，正考慮必要時向私家醫生、私家醫院和私家化驗所購買服務。 11. 台灣5牌子奶原料含毒 文章日期：2008年9月24日 【明報專訊】台灣衛生署昨晚公布，5家從大陸山東「都慶」公司進口的奶製品原料中，六和化工、汎昇實業、三億食品及佳泰食品都驗出三聚氰胺，行政院已決議將大陸植物性奶蛋白原料的商品下架，目前毒奶粉初步已知流入的下游廠商，包括「古道」奶茶等產品。 12. 驗腎安排各有各說 家長叫苦 　 文章日期：2008年9月24日 【明報專訊】再有兩名港童因長期飲用受三聚氰胺污染的奶製品，證實患上腎結石，是4日內第3及第4宗。兩童都在香港出生，長期居住內地，其中一名為29個月大男嬰，曾飲用內地奶品，日前由父親帶到廣華醫生檢查；另一名9歲男童，飲用問題奶粉4年，在私家醫院檢查後證實亦有腎結石。兩人一度留院治療，現時情穩定。 13. 免費驗腎混亂 家長轟失當 　 文章日期：2008年9月23日 【明報專訊】自內地發現萬計嬰兒患腎石後，香港不少父母都心焦如焚，昨日大批父母帶同曾飲用問題奶粉或奶品的子女，湧到瑪嘉烈醫院檢查有否「中招」，但不少父母批評醫管局安排失當、指示不清楚及人手不足，部分父母到醫院白等了數小時後，才被安排另覓日子驗身。有家長致電本報投訴，指衛生防護中心和食環署所提供的兩條熱線形同虛設，致電逾一小時仍未能接通。 14. 毒奶事件問與答 文章日期：2008年9月23日 【明報專訊】問﹕三聚氰胺是製造塑膠化學原料，不宜人食用，港府為何不仿效處理孔雀石綠之做法，對三聚氰胺作出零容忍之標準？ 15. 鷹嘜煉奶含三聚氰胺 文章日期：2008年9月23日 【明報專訊】再有雀巢奶品疑含「三聚氰胺」。無新聞昨日報道，該台委託化驗所化驗，發現一款在內地青島廠房製造的370克罐裝「雀巢鷹嘜煉奶」含有微量三聚氰胺，濃度為每千克含0.6毫克（即0.6ppm）。食環署早前曾化驗同一食品，但當時並無發現不妥，但食環署昨晚指已因應有關報道，會再次抽樣化驗鷹嘜煉奶。另一方面，就毒奶事件，食物及衛生局長周一嶽昨日公布一系列措施，包括今日刊憲禁止食物中含有超標的三聚氰胺，法例即時生效。 16. 規管三聚氰胺今刊憲即生效 文章日期：2008年9月23日 【明報專訊】瑪嘉烈醫院替疑喝毒奶兒童做身體檢查引起混亂，食物及衛生局長周一嶽昨日就此向受影響家長致歉。他同時宣布政府3項針對三聚氰胺的新措施，包括今日刊憲禁止食物中有超標的三聚氰胺，法例即時生效，同時加快研究制訂食物禁售及回收法。為應付大量幼童驗身的需求，當局今日啟動全港18間指定門診和7間特別評估中心，為12歲以下小童作免費評估。 17. 雀巢奶粉純牛奶含毒 　 文章日期：2008年9月22日 【明報專訊】三聚氰胺「腎石奶」毒禍，已波及雄霸本港奶品市場的雀巢牛奶公司，食物安全中心和本地傳媒相繼驗出，該公司一款餐飲業專用的純牛奶，以及金裝幼兒助長奶粉，均含三聚氰胺。另外暢銷本港的伯朗咖啡，以及港人「由細食到大」的大白兔糖，分別被台灣及新加坡驗出有毒。 18. 醫局為疏導驗腎潮 文章日期：2008年9月22日 【明報專訊】毒奶粉愈揭愈多，目前本港最少已有60多人被轉介到瑪嘉烈醫院等候超聲波檢查，已超出該院一天可應付的限額，預料將有大批心急如焚的家長帶喝過毒奶的孩子到該院求診。為應付突發需求，當局擬將「指定專科診所」擴展至各聯網有一間，並會在普通科門診另開一條隊伍，專門處理疑因喝毒奶而令腎臟受損的求診者，以應付及疏導可能出現的驗腎潮。 19. 星超市停售伊利 　 文章日期：2008年9月19日 【明報專訊】內地毒奶粉醜聞持續擴大，除香港以外，新加坡政府亦禁止當地超市售賣伊利雪條和酸乳酪產品，並會化驗從中國進口的牛奶和乳製品，韓國亦決定回收部分市面上售賣含中國奶粉的食品作檢驗。 20. 名牌奶樽含可致癌物港有售 　 文章日期：2007年3月3日 【明報專訊】美國環保組織化驗當地5款暢銷的名牌膠奶樽，發現全部含有可能致癌化學物「雙酚A」，動物實驗顯示此物質可影響生殖系統和荷爾蒙分泌，對幼兒存有潛伏危險，其中Avent、Dr Brown's、Playtex奶樽在本港有代理出售，Gerber奶樽的本港代理只在去年才停售，全部均暫未有回收決定。海關正跟進事件並於市面購買樣本進行化驗。 21. 內地揭廢舊光碟製奶樽 　 文章日期：2006年5月29日 【明報專訊】在「六一」兒童節到來之前，內地工商、質檢部門對多種兒童商品進行檢查，發現浙江義烏一些商家，竟用廢舊光碟塑料等製造奶樽，並銷往10多省市，這些奶樽含有有害化學物質「酚」，對嬰兒健康構成嚴重危害。部門更發現，9省市兒童服裝產品有四成不合格。 1. Milk poisoning incident on the latest developments Article Date: September 30, 2008 ● Hong Kong found to have food with melamine: 2. Indonesian drug testing surplus M & M's Article Date: September 29, 2008 AP】 melamine poisoning milk harm the more powerful the more open, the world's best-known international brands of chocolate Mars, its three M & M's chocolate and Snickers, as well as Kraft's Oreo chocolate production of Granville, Indonesian authorities were found to have a very The high concentration of melamine, a M & M's milk chocolate melamine content as much as 856.3ppm, adult eating a packet has exceeded the safety standard and 3-year-old children to eat even a few grains of Health have been dangerous kidney stone. 3. Hong Kong children diagnosed with kidney stones to 5 Article Date: September 26, 2008 Ming Pao in Hong Kong more】 a 10-year-old boy drinking milk products containing melamine, found to have confirmed cases of kidney stones, the boy had been living in the Mainland and now lives in Hong Kong, he was drinking or Erie unlicensed Mengniu Low-fat high calcium milk habit of Hong Kong confirmed the numbers increased to 5. In addition, the Hospital Authority today at Kwong Wah Hospital and North District to set up two assessment centers, 9 Assessment Center will be set up Saturday morning clinic hours to ease the inspection kidney waiting crowd. 4. Home to buy milk in Hong Kong and Taiwan hit children Article Date: September 26, 2008 AP】 who married into Hong Kong from Taiwan's Ilan County woman, as a result of a pair of 3-year-old and 1-year-old baby in Hong Kong to buy long-term consumption of milk powder, milk powder in the drug crisis, to Ilan on the Yang-Ming University Hospital tests As a result, 2 babies found kidney stones, this is the first infant milk for human consumption because of kidney stones Jianchu cases. 5. Wei call the Department of helpless feeling Article Date: September 25, 2008 AP】 milk poisoning incident, the more the greater downtown, many are worried about the mother, Chen Xi, a senior media position in order to have two young children are very anxious. Since the mainland reported the incident from toxic milk powder, she reminds me from time to time in the past said that the child at an early age child hurt, worried to death, immediately go to private hospitals for an appointment for his son until the media found to have 6-year-old child since the child has been more than two-year-old Gold consumption of fuel Nestle milk powder containing melamine, her heart sank even more. 6. Denounced the parents pay a registration hotline barrier Article Date: September 25, 2008 AP】 suspected to have been drinking "milk poisoning" of children on a regular basis for the assessment of the Princess Margaret Hospital Center yesterday, although no explosive force, operating more or less returned to normal, but there is still criticism of the parents of the Princess Margaret Hospital hotline to register long-term Can not get through, the only hospital to register in person, arrangements can only have it for examination next month, parents fare and a waste of time. 7. Taiwan Lipton tea with suspected drug recovery creamer Article Date: September 25, 2008 AP】 Center for Food Safety and then found another package of white sugar to contain melamine, also announced earlier that the contents of a 2.5 times higher than white sugar, up to 16ppm (parts per million 16), 3-year-old David If the child had to eat one day and a half package (about 40) will exceed safety standards. In addition, Taiwan Unilever's products, "Lipton Green tea" may contain melamine use of raw materials do creamer, and closed down all announced that the local recovery. 8. WHO to promote the issue to prevent the spread of the way Article Date: September 24, 2008 Ming Pao, Chinese milk powder drug problem growing, the World Health Organization said that so far not know how many countries as a result of China's system of contaminated milk products affected by the warning to prevent harmful milk products into the system of law in other countries, and in the European Union Monday Ask the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) anxious to explain to consumers affected by the harmful effects of pollution in China's milk. In addition, the two countries announced more restrictions on Chinese products imported. 9. Toxic milk latest incident Article Date: September 24, 2008 AP】 ■ confirmed the suspect as a result of melamine and sick children in Hong Kong yesterday to increase 2, a total of 4; the mainland are close to 53,000 people 10. Kuk inspection kidney to help over private medical Article Date: September 24, 2008 AP】 melamine "kidney stone milk" drugs have been upgraded, the Hospital Authority received yesterday the case is beyond the budget into five places, some of the clinics over 3 times more cases, the Government will be more escalation of anti-milk, The Task Force set up a comprehensive study of the dairy food poisoning in Hong Kong and the level of penetration rate in Hong Kong, such as the affordability of health care staff, but also ready to help the private sector. Hospital Authority Chairman Anthony Wu Ting-yuk told this newspaper that a series of inspection and kidneys, and so the medical needs of the daily double, to minimize the impact of normal service being given to the need for doctors in private practice, private hospitals and private laboratories to purchase services. 11. Taiwan 5 brand milk toxic materials Article Date: September 24, 2008 AP Taiwan's Department of Health announced last night, 5 from the mainland in Shandong "IP" from the import of dairy products, raw materials, chemical 6, or pan-industrial, food and 300,000,000 Jiatai food are found to have melamine, Executive Yuan Resolution to have the mainland plant protein raw milk products off the shelf, the current drug formula known Preliminary flows downstream manufacturers, including the "Road", and other tea products. 12. Inspection arrangements for the kidney, said the parents have to suffer Article Date: September 24, 2008 AP】 Two Hong Kong children as a result of long-term drinking contaminated dairy products melamine, confirmed to be suffering from kidney stones, is 4 days 3 and 4. Two children were born in Hong Kong, a long-term residence in the Mainland, one of the 29-month-old baby, had to drink milk in the Mainland, a few days ago by the father taken to Kwong Wah medical examination; another 9-year-old boy, the problem of drinking milk powder 4 , In a private hospital for medical examination confirmed that there are kidney stones. The two were hospitalized in the current situation  stability. 13. Free inspection boom parents kidney disorder misconduct Article Date: September 23, 2008 AP】 from the mainland found that millions of infants suffering from kidney stones, Hong Kong, many parents are anxious Rufen yesterday with a large number of parents had the same problem drinking milk or milk children, rushed to Princess Margaret Hospital check whether there is any " Caught, "but many parents criticized the improper arrangements made by the Hospital Authority, and the shortage of clear instructions, some parents to the hospital for several hours in vain, was to find alternative arrangements for medical examination day. Parents have to call this a complaint that the Center for Health Protection and the department provided by the two hotlines exist in name only, call more than an hour could not get through. 14. Milk poisoning incident Q & A Article Date: September 23, 2008 AP】: Melamine is a chemical manufacturing plastic raw materials, not human consumption, why not follow the example of the Government's approach to deal with malachite green, the melamine to the standard of zero tolerance? 15. Smelting Eagle brand milk containing melamine Article Date: September 23, 2008 AP】 another suspect Nestle milk containing "melamine." No  News reported yesterday, the station commissioned laboratory tests found that a manufacturing plant in Qingdao in the Mainland of 370 grams of canned "Nestle Eagle brand milk refining," containing traces of melamine, the concentration of per kg containing 0.6 mg (that is 0.6ppm) . Earlier the department had tested the same food, but found no wrong, but last night, means the department has been in response to the report, will once again sample tests on the Eagle brand milk chain. On the other hand, the milk poisoning incident, the Food and Health Secretary York Chow announced yesterday a series of measures to be gazetted today, including the prohibition of excessive food contains melamine, the law with immediate effect. 16. Melamine regulation to be gazetted today that the entry into force Article Date: September 23, 2008 AP】 Princess Margaret Hospital for drug suspect to drink milk for children to do physical examination confusion, the Food and Health Secretary York Chow yesterday to the affected parents to apologize. He also announced that the Government melamine 3 for the new measures, including the prohibition of the Food and gazetted in the standard of melamine, the law with immediate effect, at the same time to speed up the formulation of the Food Research and Recovery Act prohibited. To cope with the large number of young children, the demand for medical examination, the start today of the 18 designated clinics and 7 special assessment centers for children under 12 years of age free of charge for evaluation. 17. Nestle milk powder milk, pure poison Article Date: September 22, 2008 AP】 melamine "kidney stone milk" drugs, has spread to Hong Kong has dominated the market, Nestle milk dairy products, food safety center and the local media have been found, the company's exclusive restaurant a pure milk, Gold, as well as encourage young children milk, contain melamine. In addition belang Hong Kong's best-selling coffee, as well as the people of Hong Kong, "from small to large food," the white sugar, Taiwan and Singapore were found to be toxic. 18. In order to assist the medical board examination kidney tide Article Date: September 22, 2008 AP】 drug formula, the more open more in Hong Kong for at least 60 people were referred to Princess Margaret Hospital to wait for ultrasonic inspection, the hospital has gone beyond one day be able to meet the quota, is expected to attract a large number of anxious parents  drink milk with poison to the children of hospital treatment. To cope with the sudden demand for the proposed "designated specialist clinics" to expand the network to have a will in general out-patient of a separate team to deal specifically with drug suspect to drink milk as a result of kidney damage caused the patients to Cope with the flow and the possible influx of kidney inspection. 19. Supermarkets to stop selling satellite Erie Article Date: September 19, 2008 AP mainland milk poisoning scandal continued to expand, with the exception of Hong Kong, the Singapore government also prohibits the sale of a local supermarket Xuetiao Erie and yoghurt products, and will be imported from China for testing milk and dairy products, South Korea also decided to recall some of the market On the sale of food containing Chinese milk powder for testing. 20. Brand-name milk bottles containing carcinogens may be on sale in Hong Kong Article Date: March 3, 2007 AP U.S. environmental testing organizations, local 5-selling brand-name plastic milk bottles, and found that they were all likely to contain cancer-causing chemicals, "bisphenol A", animal experiments show that this material can affect the reproductive system and hormone secretion, there are young children Are dangerous, Avent, Dr Brown's, Playtex feeding bottles for sale in Hong Kong agent, Gerber bottles of milk in the local agent of the last year moratorium on the sale of all of them do not yet have a recovery of decide. Customs and Excise Department is pursuing the case in the market to buy samples for testing. 21. Mainland Jie used CD-milk bottles Article Date: May 29, 2006 AP】 "61" before the arrival of the Children's Day, the China trade, quality inspection departments to inspect a variety of children's commodities, Yiwu in Zhejiang Province found that some of the business, uses scrap plastic discs, such as milk bottles manufactured and sold more than 10 provinces City, the milk bottles containing harmful chemicals "phenol", the baby of a serious health hazard. Departments found that 9 of 40 provinces and cities in children's clothing products not up to standard.

精索靜脈曲張 男性不育禍首Varicocele culprit for male infertility

精索靜脈曲張 男性不育禍首 【中新網】一提起精索靜脈曲張，很多人不是很熟悉。其實，在男子的陰囊裏，左右兩邊各有一條由輸精管、動脈、靜脈血管等組成的條索狀組織，醫學上稱之為精索，精索裏面的靜脈就叫做精索靜脈。由於解剖結構上的特點，以及男性生理發育等諸因素，精索靜脈血管容易淤血擴張，形成蚯蚓狀的靜脈團，這就叫做精索靜脈曲張。精索靜脈曲張是男性常見的泌尿疾病，一般年輕男性約10%有此症狀。 瀋陽日報報導，精索靜脈曲張分三度，輕度時局部觸及不到曲張的靜脈，只是患者感覺不適；中度時，患者站立時可以觸及曲張的靜脈，但外表看不到；重度時，陰囊部可以看到曲張的靜脈呈蚯蚓狀、團狀。 由於精索靜脈曲張也是男性不育的主因，約有三成不育的患者都是患上了精索靜脈曲張。精索靜脈曲張時，約有50%～80%的患者精液檢查不正常，表現為精子數少，活動度低，形態不正常。 精索靜脈曲張引起不育的原因有：精索靜脈曲張時由於精索靜脈內血液淤滯，可以引起陰囊內溫度增高，睪丸溫度可升高1℃～2℃，溫度持續長期增高，可影響睪丸產生精子，導致無精子症和少精子症；同時附睪的高溫環境也不利於精子的成熟。 另外，長時間坐沙發等軟椅也容易引起精索靜脈曲張，進而影響生育。人類本來的坐姿，是以坐骨的兩個結節作為支撐點的，這時陰囊輕鬆地懸掛於兩大腿之間，然而坐在沙發或其他軟椅上時，原來的支點下沉，整個臀部陷入沙發中，沙發的填充物和表面用料就會包圍，壓迫陰囊，當陰囊受到壓迫時，靜脈回流不暢，睪丸附近的血管變粗，淤血嚴重時就會導致精索靜脈曲張，患者會出現睪丸下墜沉重，下腹鈍痛等症狀。這時，由於血液淤滯，精索靜脈內壓力增高，氧和營養物質缺乏，影響代謝產物的清除，從而影響精子發生和成熟。 精索靜脈曲張該怎麼治療呢？醫生說，輕度的可以保守治療，即通過休息，穿緊身內褲，減少劇烈運動，適當的使用活血藥物等來治療，而中、重度的或伴有不育或精液異常的，是必須做手術的。 因為精索靜脈曲張，使血液回流受阻，造成睪丸的血液循環障礙，使睪丸的生精和分泌功能不能正常進行，久之可以導致睪丸的萎縮，喪失所有功能。 醫生表示，這種手術並不複雜，只需要半個小時就可以完成，不僅沒有痛苦，患者兩三天就可以出院。尤其青少年出現這樣的症狀，更要及時手術治療，以免引起生殖器官發育不良。 2008-09-29 Varicocele culprit for male infertility 【】 BEIJING, filed a varicocele, a lot of people are not very familiar with. In fact, the man in the scrotum, or so on each side by a vas deferens, artery, vein, and other components of the cord-like organization, called the medical spermatic cord, spermatic vein on the inside called the spermatic cord vein. As the structural characteristics of the anatomy, physiology, as well as men, and other development factors, spermatic vein congestion easy expansion to form a worm-like vein of Mission, which is called varicocele. Varicocele is a common male urinary tract diseases, generally young men by about 10% of the symptoms. Shenyang Daily reported varicocele is divided into three degrees, slightly less than when the local touch of varicose veins, but the patients feel sick; moderate, standing in patients with varicose veins can be touched, but the outside can not see; severe, Department of the scrotum can see the varicose vein was earthworm-shaped, like college. As the varicocele is the main cause of male infertility, about 30 percent of infertility patients are suffering from a varicocele. Varicocele, about 50% to 80% of patients with abnormal semen examination, the sperm showed less activity is low, irregular shape. Varicocele infertility caused by a number of factors: varicocele because of spermatic vein blood stasis, the temperature inside the scrotum can cause increased testicular temperature could rise 1 ℃ ~ 2 ℃, the long-term sustained increase in temperature can affect the testicles Produce sperm, resulting in azoospermia and oligospermia; testosterone at the same time attached to the high-temperature environment is not conducive to sperm maturation. In addition, for a long time, such as Ruan Yi Zuo Shafa also easily lead to varicocele, which affect fertility. Human beings have the sitting is the ischium two nodules as a strong point, this time in the scrotum easily fly between the two legs, but sitting on the sofa or other soft chair, the original point of sinking into a sofa as a whole hip , The sofa and filler material to be used as the surface will be surrounded by the scrotum of oppression, when the scrotum have been long oppressed, the poor venous return, the testicular blood vessels in the vicinity of Biancu, serious congestion will lead to varicocele, there will be patients with testicular A heavy fall, the dull pain in the lower abdomen, and other symptoms. At this time, due to blood stasis, spermatic vein pressure increased, the lack of oxygen and nutrients, the impact of the removal of metabolites in order to influence the occurrence and mature sperm. Varicocele how the treatment of this? The doctor said that the mild to conservative treatment, that is, through the rest, wearing tight underwear and reduce strenuous exercise, proper use of drugs for the treatment of promoting blood circulation, and, accompanied by severe or infertility or abnormal sperm, it is necessary surgery The. Because varicocele, the blood returning blocked, resulting in the testicular blood circulation obstacles to the testicular germ and secretion can not be normal, for a long time can lead to the atrophy of the testicles, loss of all functions. Doctors said that this surgery is not complicated, just half an hour to complete, not only pain, the patient can be discharged from hospital two or three days. In particular, young people have such symptoms, but also surgery in a timely manner, so as not to cause genital dysplasia. 2008-09-29 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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孩子多吃堅硬食品 防牙齒畸形Children eat more solid food anti-teeth deformity

孩子多吃堅硬食品 防牙齒畸形 【新華網】近年來，兒童牙齒錯合畸形的發病率越來越高，其中一個重要原因是：兒童食品越來越精細，孩子的咀嚼功能弱化。專家建議家長多給孩子吃牛肉乾、燒餅等「堅硬耐磨」的食品，有助孩子的牙齒整齊健康。 據深圳市第二人民醫院口腔科主任梁芮表示，牙齒錯合畸形的原因主要是遺傳因素和環境因素。在環境因素中，後天因素起著很大的作用，其中咀嚼功能退化是主要原因之一。現在的兒童食品越來越精細，大量奶製品、麵包、膨化食品，使孩子的咀嚼功能越來越弱，牙齒和口腔內外的肌肉得不到應有的鍛鍊，導致肌肉無力、萎縮，頜骨發育異常，但牙齒的數量並沒有減少，所以兒童牙齒錯合畸形的發病率也越來越高。 梁芮說，精細的食物還容易引起牙齒齲壞，出現牙齒缺損、乳牙過早丟失、恒牙萌出間隙不足，進而造成牙齒排列不齊。 梁芮提醒家長，在替牙期內補鈣對於牙齒及頜骨生長的作用遠低於咀嚼功能訓練。應加強兒童咀嚼功能訓練，充分鍛鍊口腔肌肉功能，進而有效刺激下頜骨的生長發育。 要多給孩子吃一些堅硬耐磨的食品，如排骨、牛肉乾、燒餅、鍋巴、饅頭乾、蘋果等。孩子2歲左右乳牙基本完全萌出後，應定期到正規口腔專科檢查，預防齲齒，保證恒牙的正常萌出，同時對有頜骨異常發育的患兒進行早期預防治療。 2008-09-30 Children eat more solid food anti-teeth deformity Xinhua】 【In recent years, the children's teeth wrong jointly malformation of the rising incidence of one of the important reasons are: children, more and more fine food, children's weakening chewing function. Experts recommend parents give their children to eat beef jerky, fried, and other "hard wear" the food, help the child's teeth healthy and tidy. According to the Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, said Rui Liang, director of dentistry, teeth wrong jointly deformed due to genetic factors and environmental factors. Environmental factors, the day after a lot of factors play a role, which is the degradation of the chewing function of one of the main reasons. Now more and more fine food for children, a large number of dairy products, bread, puffed food, so that the child's chewing function more and more weak, both inside and outside of the mouth and teeth are not properly exercise the muscles, resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy, jaw Dysplasia of bone, teeth, but the number has not declined, the children's teeth wrong jointly incidence of deformity was also getting higher and higher. Rui Liang said, fine food is also easily lead to dental caries, dental defects occur, the premature loss of deciduous and permanent teeth eruption lack of space, which resulted in irregular teeth alignment. Parents Xing Rui Ti Liang, for calcium during tooth for tooth and jaw growth much lower than the role of the chewing function of training. Should strengthen the training of children chewing function, the full exercise of oral muscle function, thereby effectively stimulate growth and development of the mandible. To give a child to eat some of the hard wear-resistant food such as pork, beef jerky, sesame seed Guoba, dry bread, apple and so on. 2-year-old children about basic full eruption of primary teeth should be on a regular basis to formal oral examination specialist in the prevention of dental caries, to guarantee the normal eruption of permanent teeth and jaw at the same time there is abnormal development of children with early preventive treatment. 2008-09-30 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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讓自閉兒接觸多元化聲音 ��So that autistic children access to diverse voices

讓自閉兒接觸多元化聲音 �� 問： 孩子國一，患有自閉症，只能說出少許需求式口語，例如「我要去買麵包」、「我要吃雞腿」，請問要如何拉長他講的句子？ 另外，他很容易驚恐，只要家人講話稍微大聲一點，他就會害怕，有什麼方法可讓他不那麼容易就害怕？（章先生） 答：章先生提出的問題，是許多自閉症患者共同的問題，也是特質之一。就語言來說，若要延長孩子講話的句子，最好根據他所表達句子的原有架構，予以變化，例如他說「我要吃雞腿」，可以訓練他「吃什麼樣的雞腿？」 究竟是「烤雞腿」，還是「滷雞腿」，以及「何時要吃雞腿？」是吃飯時配著吃，還是飯後再吃，藉著他的原意，鼓勵他表達「我要吃放在桌上烤的雞腿」。 當然，要訓練自閉兒能說得更完整，有時需要語言治療師協助。至於自閉症兒童對於大聲講話所表現的害怕，則是可以理解的，這是他們先天上在感官刺激的過度敏感。 因此家長不妨平常居家，包括音響、電視所發出的聲音，盡量多元性，例如音樂有交響樂、搖滾、民謠等，從小聲到略大聲，讓他慢慢適應其中的變化，透過漸進式的改變，讓病童不致對聲響過度敏感。 （諮詢醫師：台北林口長庚兒童心智科主任張學岭）（詹建富） 2008-09-28 So that autistic children access to diverse voices Q: children of a country, with autism, only needs a little out-spoken, for example, "I want to buy bread," "I want to eat chicken," I would like to ask him to talk about how to lengthen the sentence? In addition, he is very easy to panic, as long speech a little family members speak up, he would be afraid of, and the means by which he is not so easy to fear? (Chapter President) A: Mr. Zhang, is common in many autistic, is also one of the characteristics. On the language, to extend the children's speech sentence, in accordance with the best expression of his original sentence structure be changed, for example, he said, "I want to eat chicken," he can be trained "to eat what kind of chicken?" What is "roast chicken" or "Lu Ji legs," and "when to eat chicken?" Is equipped with a meal to eat, or eat a meal, with the aid of his intention to encourage the expression of his "I want to eat The roasted chicken on the table. " Of course, to train autistic children can be even more complete, it is sometimes necessary language therapists to help. As for autistic children to speak the speech by the performance of the fear is understandable, it is their inherent in the over-sensitive to sensory stimuli. Therefore, parents may wish to ordinary home, including audio, television voice, and diversity as far as possible, for example, symphony music, rock, folk, and so on, from a little loud in a low voice to let him slowly adapt to the changes through gradual Change, so that children will not be over-sensitive to the noise. (Physicians Advisory: Taipei Linkou Chang Gung Children's director of mental Zhang Xueling) (Zhan Jian Fu) 2008-09-28 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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運動和學習 有助防癡呆Movement and learning conducive to anti-dementia

運動和學習 有助防癡呆 【新華網】運動和學習是最好的預防癡呆方法。武漢大學中南醫院章軍建教授指出，人的大腦具有高度可塑性，透過規律的體育鍛鍊和有意識的加強記憶訓練，可在一定程度上延緩神經細胞老化過程，從而降低和延緩老年癡呆的發生。一些經常積極用腦的健康老人，其傳遞信息的細胞「樹突」數並不減少，甚至增加。另外，隨著年齡增長，知識經驗越來越豐富，容易建立多樣聯繫。 鍛鍊腦力和身體是預防早老性癡呆症最簡便易行的辦法。章教授建議，老年人可以根據自身情況參加一些體育鍛鍊，如散步、打太極拳、跳交誼舞等，這樣可加強血液循環，使大腦得到充足的血液供應，防止腦功能衰退。老年人應多做一些如彈琴、織毛衣等手指運動，使大腦反應更加迅速和靈敏。同時，老年人應該多讀書看報，多學習新事物，培養多種業餘愛好，不但可以活躍大腦的思維，更可以延緩記憶衰退。 老人還要遠離已知的癡呆危險因素。章教授說，癡呆危險因素主要是高血壓、糖尿病、高血脂、心臟病、動脈粥樣硬化、憂鬱和菸酒習慣等。有這些危險因素的患者，要定期檢查和適當治療；平時要注意飲食營養，不吸菸，不飲烈酒，多吃新鮮蔬菜和水果等；避免接觸鎘、鉛等有毒物質；保持樂觀的情緒，多與親人接觸，積極參加社會活動。 2008-09-30 Movement and learning conducive to anti-dementia Xinhua】 【sports and learning the best ways to prevent dementia. Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Professor Zhang Jian pointed out that people with a high degree of plasticity of the brain, through the laws of physical training and awareness training to enhance memory, to a certain degree of nerve cells slow down the aging process, thereby reducing and delaying Alzheimer's Occurred. Often with a number of positive brain health of the elderly, the message of the cell, "dendritic" does not reduce the number even increased. In addition, with age, experience more and more knowledge-rich, easy to set up various links. Mental and physical exercise to prevent Alzheimer's the most user-friendly. Professor suggested that the elderly can take part in some cases their physical activity, such as walking, shadow boxing, jump, and other social dance, which can enhance blood circulation, so that the brain's blood supply to be sufficient to prevent the decline of brain function. The elderly should do more, such as playing, and so on Zhimao Yi finger movement, so that the brain react more rapidly and sensitive. At the same time, elderly people should read books and newspapers to learn more new things, training a variety of hobbies, not only active in the brain thinking, but also delay memory decline. The elderly would also like to stay away from known risk factors for dementia. Professor Zhang said that the dementia is a major risk factor for high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, atherosclerosis, depression and alcohol and tobacco habits. These are risk factors for patients to check on a regular basis and appropriate treatment; diets usually have to pay attention to nutrition, do not smoke, do not drink liquor, eat more fresh vegetables and fruit; to avoid contact with cadmium, toxic substances such as lead; optimistic mood More contact with their families and take an active part in social activities. 2008-09-30 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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鼻炎 增加哮喘機率Increase the risk of asthma, rhinitis

鼻炎 增加哮喘機率 【新華網】法國國家健康與醫學研究所的研究人員最近發現，鼻炎會顯著增加人們患哮喘的機率。這一研究結果可能有助於更有效地防治哮喘。 研究人員在醫學雜誌「刺胳針」上撰文說，他們在14個歐洲國家選取6461名成年人進行了為期9年的跟蹤調查，這些成年人在接受調查前從未患過哮喘。研究人員對這些調查對象是否患鼻炎，是否對花粉、昆蟲或貓等過敏進行了測試。 調查結果發現，在20歲到44歲的人群中，鼻炎患者得哮喘的機幾率大大高於常人。其中，過敏性鼻炎患者和非過敏性鼻炎患者得哮喘的風險分別是常人的3.5倍和2.7倍。 研究人員說，人們被確診患上鼻炎，起碼說明他們的下呼吸道受到了感染。醫生們可以據此採取防範措施，避免鼻炎患者再得哮喘。 2008-09-29 Increase the risk of asthma, rhinitis Xinhua】 【French National Health and Medical Research Institute researchers recently found that rhinitis will be a significant increase in the rate of people suffering from asthma. The results of this study may contribute to more effective prevention and treatment of asthma. Researchers in the medical journal "The Lancet" said the author, who in 14 European countries select the 6461 adults conducted a 9-year follow-up survey, the adults surveyed had never before suffered from asthma. Researchers to investigate whether those suffering from rhinitis, whether the pollen, insects or cat allergy tested, and so on. The survey found that 20-year-old to 44-year-old crowd, rhinitis and asthma patients have to drive the probability is much higher than normal. Among them, patients with allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis patients with asthma have the risk of ordinary people are 3.5 times and 2.7 times. The researchers said that people were diagnosed with rhinitis, at least they were the lower respiratory tract infection. Doctors can thus take precautionary measures to prevent further rhinitis patients have asthma. 2008-09-29 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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兒童上魔術課 有助增強自信Children on a magic class will help to increase self-confidence

兒童上魔術課 有助增強自信 【新華社】英國一項研究發現，給孩子們上魔術課有助於增強兒童自信心和自律能力。據英國「每日郵報」日前報導，英國赫特福德郡大學心理學家、前專業魔術師理查德·懷斯曼教授等人開展一項魔術課效果研究後，得出了上述結論。 懷斯曼等人從赫特福德郡兩所小學中選取60名學生，把他們分成兩組。一組學生在一所「魔術學校」上1小時魔術課程，學習「把從中間剪斷的繩子恢復成原樣」等兩項簡單魔術，並按要求根據提示反復練習；另一組學生上傳統的「個人健康和社會教育」課程，在課上參與講故事、角色扮演和討論活動。 研究人員在課程前後分別通過問卷形式對這60名學生展開調查。懷斯曼說，結果顯示，雖然兩種課程都增強了他們的自信心，但魔術課遠比傳統課程有效。他發現，自信心不足的害羞孩子從魔術課程中受益最大。研究人員解釋說，要想成功表演「戲法」，孩子們必須反復練習。這能提升他們的自律能力和注意力。 在學習如何向同學展示「絕活」的過程中，孩子們的自信心能得到提高。而且孩子們必須思考觀眾將如何觀看他們的表演，如何避免「露餡兒」，這能讓他們換位思考，社交技能得以提升。 2008-09-30 Children on a magic class will help to increase self-confidence Xinhua News Agency】 【a British study found that the children's magic lessons to enhance children's self-confidence and self-discipline. According to the British "Daily Mail" reported a few days ago, the British University of Hertfordshire psychologist, the former professional magician, Professor Richard Wiseman and others to carry out a study on effects of magic class, come to this conclusion . Wiseman and others from two primary schools in Hertfordshire to select 60 students, they were divided into two groups. A group of students in a "magic school" Magic 1 hour course on "from the middle of the rope cut into the resumption as" two simple magic, as required under the repeated exercise tips; another group of students on the traditional "Personal health and social education" courses in the class to participate in story-telling, role-playing activities and discussion. Researchers at the course before and after the adoption of the questionnaire were 60 students in the form of this investigation. Wiseman said the results showed that although the two programs have enhanced their self-confidence, but the magic class effective than the traditional curriculum. He found that lack of self-confidence of the shy child from his course the greatest benefit. The researchers explained that in order to show the success of "magic", the children must repeatedly practice. This will enhance their ability to exercise self-discipline and attention. In the students to learn how to display a "unique" in the process of the children's self-confidence can be enhanced. And that children must think the audience will be watching how they perform, how to avoid "Luxian Er", which can switch their thinking, social skills can be improved. 2008-09-30 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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自體移植 牙齒也可種回去Autologous transplantation can be kind of back teeth

自體移植 牙齒也可種回去 【施靜茹】因齒顎矯正拔掉臼齒，或用不到的智齒，過去可能拔掉不用，台北醫學大學日前成立台灣首家保存恆牙的牙齒銀行，標榜以後蛀牙能做為自體牙齒移植。 台北醫學大學牙醫學系主任李勝揚指出，自體牙齒移植和牙齒再植，就是把口內一顆健康牙齒拔起來後，移植到另一顆缺齒位置，在台灣臨床發展十多年，成功率可達九成。 適合做自體牙齒移植的牙齒，包括智齒、齒顎矯正拔掉的臼齒、牙齒萌發位置或角度異常的多生牙、阻生牙，都能保存。 李勝揚說，日本厚生省與齒科醫師19年前就提出「8020」運動，希望日本國民到80歲，仍擁有20顆自己的牙齒，所以這次北醫與日本廣島大學牙齒銀行合作，使用專利程式降溫儀，避免因冰晶形成造成細胞受損。 至於保存恆牙能否萃取幹細胞做為保存？李勝揚說，乳牙能取得牙髓體積約0.2cc，恆牙約0.4cc，再從中分離培養幹細胞保存，待日後幹細胞技術達純熟境界，就能使用。 台北榮民總醫院牙科部主任高壽延說，過去治病人牙齒時，如果病人剛好第一、二大臼齒蛀牙，而且第三大臼齒（智齒）還在，就可以用智齒補臼齒蛀牙。 不過，高壽延強調，第一、二大臼齒如蛀得早，後面牙齒可能向前推，使蛀牙牙槽空間縮小，再加上有人智齒牙根呈爪狀，相對較大，必須修磨才能移植蛀牙區，但可能使牙周細胞受損，造成移植效果變差。 2008-09-30 Autologous transplantation can be kind of back teeth Shi Jing-Ru】 【because of Orthodontists molar pulled, or less than the wisdom teeth, in the past may not have pulled out, Taipei Medical University recently set up to preserve Taiwan's first permanent teeth Bank, tooth decay can do for itself after autologous transplantation teeth . Taipei Medical University dental Head of the Department of Li Yang pointed out that the autologous transplantation of teeth and tooth replantation, the mouth is a healthy tooth pulled up, transplanted to another location of the missing tooth in Taiwan for more than a decade of clinical development, the success rate is Up to 90. Suitable for autologous transplantation teeth teeth, including wisdom teeth, pulled out of Orthodontists the molar teeth or the location of the germination point of view of the abnormal teeth, impacted teeth can be preserved. Li Yang said that the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare and dental doctors 19 years ago on "8020" campaign hope that the Japanese people to the 80-year-old, still has 20 of his teeth, so the Taipei Medical University and Hiroshima, Japan Bank teeth, the use of patented cooling program Miriam, to avoid the formation of ice crystals cause damage to cells. As for the preservation of permanent teeth can extract stem cells for preservation? Li Yang said that the deciduous dental pulp can be made about the size 0.2cc, permanent teeth about 0.4cc, and then separated from stem cells to preserve culture, stem cell technology in the future to be reached proficient level, you can use. Taipei Veterans General Hospital Department of Dentistry, said Yan, director of Igor, who in the past dental treatment, if the patient is just the first and second molar tooth decay, and the third molars (wisdom teeth) also can fill with wisdom molar tooth decay . However, the extension of Igor stressed that the first and second molars as early borers, the back teeth may be pushed forward so that the alveolar space to reduce tooth decay, plus some wisdom teeth were root-like claws, relatively large, the mill would have to be transplanted District tooth decay, periodontal cells could cause damage, resulting in the deterioration effect of transplantation. 2008-09-30 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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帶病建築物症狀群Sick building syndrome

帶病建築物症狀群 我們的四周到處有黴菌，中文黴菌與霉菌同音，兩者同屬真菌類，但是所指的東西卻有差異。真菌的英文是fungus，複數則為fungi。說起來一點不錯，地球上每個人都持續暴露在真菌的環境中。這些真菌對人類的影響至鉅，好壞程度各異，從酵母菌、霉菌的微生物，到各式各樣的蘑菇植物，它們無所不在。現在筆者要討論的是其中一種特殊的真菌，學名叫做Stachybotrys chartarum，是黑色毒霉菌 (toxic black mold)。這種霉菌常會不請自來，它們入侵家園的每一個角落，隱藏在縫隙之中，或繁殖於肉眼看不見的陰暗處。有時橫行肆虐，破壞建築物，毒孢子散佈到空中，被人或寵物吸入或污染食物，危害健康，使受害者產生許多症狀。 其實房屋的災情因季節、氣候、地理位置而有不同。舉個例子，現在正好是颱風季節，熱帶風暴Fay剛過，颶風Gustav緊接而來，夾豪雨，釀水災。根據聯邦環保署 (EPA) 的報告，北美地區有二到四成的住家和建築物都受到霉菌的破壞，特別是每次嚴重水災浩劫過後。禍不單行的是，美國每年就有2900萬人因霉菌而得過敏之病。霉菌中毒是既知的事實，但多半情形不會被公開，除非變成公共衛生問題，或住家(建築物)的霉菌被檢查人員揭露時，才會引起人們的重視。EPA曾經不遺餘力，追查芝加哥一家居民水災過後受Stachybotrys 毒霉菌感染的嚴重案件，以及1993年叢生於克利夫蘭的洪水災區，27名嬰兒急性肺出血 (9死) 的報告。 ／鎮暄 2008-09-28 Sick building syndrome We are everywhere around the mold, fungus and mold Chinese is a homonym, that the two are the types of fungi, but there are differences within the meaning of things. English is a fungal fungus, is the plural fungi. Said that it is true that everyone on Earth continued exposure to fungus in the environment. These human fungus to the impact of huge, with varying degrees of good and bad, from yeast, mold micro-organisms, to a wide variety of mushroom plant, which everywhere. I now wish to discuss is one of the special fungi, the scientific name is called Stachybotrys chartarum, a black toxic mold (toxic black mold). This mold often have not been invited, the invasion of their homeland every corner to hide in the cracks, or breeding in the shadows invisible to the naked eye. Sometimes run rampant, and damage to buildings, toxic spores dispersed into the air, or by inhalation or contaminated pet food, health hazards, many of the victims have symptoms. In fact, the housing situation as a result of the season, climate, geographical location and different. For example, the time has come for the typhoon season, Tropical Storm Fay has just passed, followed by Hurricane Gustav, folder torrential rain, floods brewing. According to the federal Environmental Protection (EPA) report, North America, there are two Daosi Cheng's home and buildings are subject to mold damage, in particular, every time after a serious flood disaster. Misfortunes never come singly, the United States each year, there were 29,000,000 as a result of the above-mentioned mold allergy disease. Mold poisoning knows is the fact that, but most cases will not be made public unless the issue into the public health, or home (buildings) of the mold was exposed when the inspectors would draw attention. EPA has spared no effort to trace a Chicago residents affected by flooding after the drug Stachybotrys mold of a serious infection cases in 1993, as well as problems in the flood affected areas of Cleveland, 27 infants with acute pulmonary hemorrhage (9 dead). / The town of Xuan 2008-09-28 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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HVAC系統 易遭微生物污染HVAC systems vulnerable to microbial contamination

HVAC系統 易遭微生物污染 不論是住家或商業建築，多數人一天之中平均有20個小時都待在室內，因此霉菌中毒對暖氣、通風設備與空氣調節系統 (即heating, ventilation, air conditioning 簡稱HVAC) 所造成的影響，不可輕忽。現代的HVAC系統與人類呼吸循環系統息息相關：HVAC系統供應調節過的空氣，確保室內人員的舒適，並讓他們在建築物內正常運作；呼吸系統輸送含氧的空氣到肺臟，再經循環到全身各處，對維持人類生命，更是不可或缺。HVAC系統內部的過濾器，是設計來捕捉微小粒子及空中的微塵，包括有機物、皮膚屑、昆蟲軀體、紙張纖維、菌類孢子等等，人類的肺臟也有同樣的功能。這些過濾器具有吸濕性，很容易變成大量霉菌孢子的溫床，尤其是HVAC系統的過濾器，堆積的灰塵與濕氣，則更加助長了霉菌孢子的繁殖。 在天氣漸漸轉涼的季節，「去水盤」中的水及「冷卻盤管」中的凝水是去除細菌及真菌增殖的好時機。這些細菌及真菌會產生過敏原，對健康不利，細菌感染也會伺機發生。受到細菌與真菌污染的物質，發出些微怪味，這是一種揮發性的有機物，可能就是嚴重污染的首要警訊，也可能是HVAC系統中污染範圍擴大的第一個徵兆。另外還有一些HVAC中的微生物，包括幾種喜歡在水中傳播的細菌: 退伍軍人桿菌 (Legionella) 會導致退伍軍人病Legionnaires’ disease 。綠膿桿菌 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) 可能伺機引發感染。Cladosporium、Penicillium 和Aspergillus 等也都是寄生於污穢HVAC系統中常見的黴菌，它們的孢子都可能造成嚴重過敏症。 ／鎮暄 2008-09-28 HVAC systems vulnerable to microbial contamination Whether home or commercial building, and most of the day an average of 20 hours is to stay indoors, so mold poisoning of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system (that is, heating, ventilation, air conditioning referred to as HVAC) the impact of Can not be overlooked. The modern HVAC system and the human circulatory system is closely related to respiratory: HVAC system over the air-conditioning supply to ensure indoor comfort and allow them to the proper functioning of a building; respiratory air transport oxygen to the lungs via circulation to the Body, the maintenance of human life, it is indispensable. HVAC system's filters are designed to capture tiny particles and dust in the air, including organic, skin debris, the body of insects, paper fiber, fungus spores, and so on, the human lung has the same function. These filters have a moisture absorption, it is easy to become a breeding ground for a large number of mold spores, in particular the HVAC system filters, the accumulation of dust and moisture, the more encouraged the propagation of mold spores. Gradually in the cooler weather of the season, "set to water" in the water and "cooling coil" in the condensate water is the proliferation of fungi and bacteria to remove a good time. These bacteria and fungi produce allergens, adverse health, opportunistic infections will occur. Bacterial and fungal contamination by the material, issued by the smell slightly, this is a volatile organic compounds, may be seriously contaminated the first warning, or it may be contaminated HVAC system to expand the scope of the first signs. There are also a number of HVAC in the micro-organisms, including several like it in the water-borne bacteria: Veterans bacteria (Legionella) will lead to the disease Legionnaires' disease. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) may lead to opportunistic infections. Cladosporium, Penicillium and Aspergillus, and so are parasites on the dirty HVAC system common mold, and their spores may cause serious allergy. / The town of Xuan 2008-09-28 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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未雨綢繆 勝過亡羊補牢For a rainy day is better than never too late to mend

未雨綢繆 勝過亡羊補牢 追查霉菌相關疾病的同時，必須仔細考查霉菌的來源。在住家內，浴室與廚房水管漏水處是滋生溫床，容易察覺; 其次是屋頂、牆壁與地板的漏水，較不容易察覺，因此可能幾年後才會被發現。地下室尤其容易變成污穢之地，滿佈霉菌，霉味撲鼻。如果對IAQ有疑問，甚至懷疑嚴重過敏症是SBS所導致，只有EPA當局可以確定霉菌是否為罪魁禍首。不過用常識，霉菌不會滋生在陽光充足的地方，因此，保持空氣流通和陽光乾燥，自可減少霉菌麻煩。有趣的是，天氣寒冷時，霉菌會在結霜之前自動死亡。所以應該持續定期做一些簡易的預防措施，定點處理。防範於未然才是明智之舉，並不需要EPA或有關單位做費用昂貴的實驗室化驗。 簡易的定期房屋檢查只需要靠敏銳的嗅覺和觀察，包括檢查天花板漏水或水管破裂的情形。如果住的是重新裝修過，或比較現代化的房子，則應檢查牆板，因為通常它是由以纖維素為主的材質所製成，容易潮濕，木質養分會滋潤霉菌的生長。環境顧問專家建議，在潮濕的冬天應將暖氣開著。檢查磁磚周圍水泥漿細線的地方有沒有霉菌，發現霉菌時，噴以硼砂混合水、或白醋及水，很容易把霉菌擦拭掉。硼砂是很好的霉菌抑制劑與消毒劑，可用來清潔一般浴室、洗臉盆、淋浴間、浴缸，及清潔牆壁等，效果很好。但是如果是天花板、牆板、地毯，已經變色，則應僱用專門工人，在控制範圍之下，把所有污染的建材全部拆除移走，並予換新。（作者為外科醫生）／鎮暄 2008-09-28 For a rainy day is better than never too late to mend Trace of mold-related diseases at the same time, we must carefully examine the sources of mold. In the home, kitchen and bathroom water pipe leakage is a hotbed to breed, easy to detect; followed by the roof, walls and floor of the leak, the more difficult to detect, it may be several years before being discovered. Particularly vulnerable to the basement into a dirty place, covered with mold, musty assail the nostrils. If you have questions IAQ, or even suspected of serious allergy is caused by SBS, only the EPA to determine whether the mold was the culprit. But with common sense, the mold will not breed in sunny areas, maintain good ventilation and sun-drying, since the mold can reduce the trouble. Interestingly, the cold weather, frost in the mold before the automatic death. Should be continued on a regular basis to do some simple precautions to deal with fixed-point. Is wise to take preventive measures, the EPA does not need or do unit costs of expensive laboratory tests. Summary of housing inspections on a regular basis just to rely on observation and a keen sense of smell, including the inspection or leaking ceiling in the main burst. If you lived in a renovated, or relatively modern houses, they should check wall, because it is usually from cellulose-based material made easily wet, nutrient-wood will moisten the growth of mold. Environmental consultants recommended that the wet winter heating should be open. Check cement tiles around the thin line where there is no mold, fungus was found, spraying water mixed with borax or white vinegar and water, it is easy to wipe out mold. Borax is a good disinfectant and mold inhibitor can be used to clean the bathroom in general, wash basin, shower, bath and cleaning the walls, and so well. However, if the ceiling is, wall panels, carpet, color has, it should employ specialized workers, under the control of all the removal of all contaminated materials removed, and to the replacement. (The author is a surgeon) / the town of Xuan 2008-09-28 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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抗癌新藥貴 窮人買不起Anti-cancer drugs for the poor can not afford to buy expensive

抗癌新藥貴 窮人買不起 【詹建富】台灣藥界和不少醫師常抱怨，核准抗癌新藥在台上市的腳步太慢，歐洲腫瘤醫學會中也有學者發表，其實在歐盟，除了法國、瑞士等國引進抗癌藥物較為迅速外，就連英國採用新的抗腫瘤藥物「有如龜步」。 日前在斯德哥爾摩召開的第卅屆歐洲腫瘤醫學會，除了臨床研究外，瑞典卡洛林斯卡研究院教授尼爾斯懷卿蒐集過去10年、歐洲27個國家引進抗癌藥物的速度，根據國際藥業聯盟 (ＩＭＳ)提出系統性分析，特別是被認為抗癌新寵的標靶藥物，獲得各國政府核准上市的差別性。 尼爾斯指出，在大部分西歐國家中，英國引進抗癌新藥的速度，「似乎是少有意外地慢又慢」，相反的，奧地利、瑞士、法國、西班牙等國准許新藥叩關的腳步，則是非常快。以法國為例，該國癌症病人幾乎有許多種類的新藥可供選擇；而在西班牙，則是引進新藥的「領導者」。至於波蘭、匈牙利等東歐國家，則引進抗癌新藥相對緩慢許多。 尼爾斯舉標靶藥物為例，包括治療大腸直腸癌的癌思停、爾必得思、治療肺癌的得紓緩、治療腎癌和肝癌的蕾莎瓦及治療多發性骨髓瘤的萬科，還有治療乳癌的賀癌平，歐洲各國引進新藥的快慢至少有2至3年的差距。特別是賀癌平已上市超過10年之後，還有某些國家的乳癌病人還無福受惠。 不過，尼爾斯強調，造成歐洲各國引進新藥速度的障礙，可能在於許多抗癌新藥非常昂貴，但他認為，有錢的病人照樣可以跨國就醫，反而對某些經濟弱勢的病人難以及早接受治療，而這種差距恐怕是許多人所不樂見。 2008-09-30 Anti-cancer drugs for the poor can not afford to buy expensive 【Zhan Jian-fu in Taiwan and a number of drugs doctors often complain that anti-cancer drug approved in Taiwan listed on the slow pace of the European Oncology Medical Association also published scholar, in fact, the European Union, in addition to France, Switzerland and other countries to introduce more anti-cancer drug Rapid, even Britain's new anti-tumor drugs "like a turtle step." A few days ago in Stockholm held Disa session of the European Oncology Medical Association, in addition to clinical research, the Karolinska Institute of Sweden, Professor Niels Wai Ching collected over the past 10 years, 27 countries in Europe to introduce the speed of anti-cancer drug, according to the International Pharmaceutical Union (IMS) made a systematic analysis, in particular, is considered the favorite target anti-cancer drug, was approved by the Governments of the difference between the listing. Niels pointed out that in most Western European countries, Britain to introduce anti-cancer drug speed, "seems to be little unexpectedly slow and slow," On the contrary, Austria, Switzerland, France, Spain and other countries to allow call-related drugs in the footsteps of , Is very fast. In France, for example, the number of cancer patients almost types of drugs to choose from; in Spain, is the introduction of new drugs, "the leader." As for Poland, Hungary, and other Eastern European countries, the relatively slow introduction of a number of anti-cancer drugs. Niels cited as an example of drug targets, including the treatment of colorectal cancer think of to stop the cancer, have to think of Seoul, the treatment of lung cancer were relieved, and the treatment of renal cell carcinoma Lei Shawa and treatment of liver cancer multiple myeloma Vanke , And the treatment of breast cancer-ping, the introduction of new drugs in Europe the pace of at least 2-3 years of the gap. He in particular has been cancer-listed more than 10 years later, there are some breast cancer patients also benefit from the free-fu. However, Niels stressed that the introduction of new drugs in Europe caused by the speed of the obstacles is that many anti-cancer drugs may be very expensive, but he believes that money can still cross the patient for medical treatment, but the economy vulnerable to some patients as early as possible is difficult to accept Treatment, and this gap is probably not many people would like to see. 2008-09-30 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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兒童用手機 腦瘤風險大Children with brain tumor cell phone risks

兒童用手機 腦瘤風險大 【新華社】電瑞典一項最新研究表明，兒童和青少年使用手機會使罹患腦腫瘤的幾率增加4倍。 這項研究由瑞典厄勒布魯大學醫院的教授倫納特‧哈德爾領導實施，研究人員分析了輻射導致腫瘤風險的數據。 哈德爾說：「20歲前開始使用手機者患神經膠質瘤的風險增加4倍多。」神經膠質瘤侵害支持中樞神經系統的神經膠質細胞。另外，年輕時使用手機者患聽覺神經瘤的風險同樣增加4倍。 家用無繩電話的危害與手機幾乎相當。哈德爾說，年輕時使用無繩電話者患神經膠質瘤的風險增加4倍多。 相對而言，20多歲以後開始使用手機的人患神經膠質瘤風險提高50％，患聽覺神經瘤的風險提高1倍。 哈德爾認為，除非在緊急情況下，12歲以下的兒童不應用手機；青少年用手機通話時應使用免提設備或耳機，儘量發送短信。他稱，兒童和青少年使用手機帶來的實際風險可能比研究結果揭露的問題更嚴重。 研究結果還表明，使用手機超過10年的成年人患神經膠質瘤和聽覺神經瘤的風險也會大大增加。 2008-09-30 Children with brain tumor cell phone risks Xinhua News Agency】 【power to a new Swedish study shows that children and young people will use mobile phones risk suffering from brain tumors increased four times. The study by the University Hospital in Orebro, Sweden's Lennart Professor ‧ hadr leadership, the researchers analyzed the risk of radiation oncology lead. Harder said: "The 20-year-old former cell phone started to suffer from increased risk of glioma 4 times." Against glioma in support of the central nervous system of glial cells. In addition, young people use mobile phones risk of acoustic neuroma risk also increased four times. Cordless home phones and cell phones almost a considerable hazard. Harder said that the use of cordless phones is a young man suffering from an increased risk of glioma 4 times. In comparison, the 20-year-old after the beginning of the use of mobile phones of people suffering from glioma risk increased by 50%, suffering from auditory nerve tumors to increase the risk of 1 times. Harder believes that unless in an emergency situation, children under the age of 12 should not use mobile phones; young people to use hands-free cell phone calls should be used or headphones, as far as possible to send text messages. He said children and young people brought about by the use of cell phones than the actual risk findings revealed a more serious problem. The results also showed that the use of mobile phones for more than 10 years of suffering from adult glioma and acoustic neuroma risk will be greatly increased. 2008-09-30 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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控制膽固醇 先控制嘴和胃Cholesterol control to control the mouth and stomach

控制膽固醇 先控制嘴和胃 　要降低膽固醇，平時飲食必須慎選低膽固醇食材，減少高熱量食物。 【劉惠敏】不少人知道，膽固醇過高可能導致心腦血管病變，不過您真的認識膽固醇嗎？膽固醇其實是人體必需物質，過高或過低都對健康有影響，要知道如何維持健康，就得要更進一步瞭解膽固醇。 膽固醇是體內的一種脂質，台北書田診所家醫科主治醫師康宏銘說明，70%的膽固醇由肝臟自行合成，另外30%來自於飲食中攝取，主要是動物性食物。 好膽固醇與壞膽固醇 膽固醇是人體細胞膜主要成分，是製造腎上腺素荷爾蒙、性荷爾蒙要素，可轉變為膽酸、有助人體消化脂肪，增長紅血球壽命、保護、維持血管強化等功能，因此膽固醇過低，則會影響身體機能。 若再細分，血液中的膽固醇、中性脂肪等，和蛋白質結合成成的物質，就稱為脂蛋白，以比重不同可分為低比重脂蛋白膽固醇（LDL），以及高比重脂蛋白膽固醇（HDL）。而LDL是造成血管硬化的危險因子，因此被視為「壞膽固醇」，HDL則可以去除附著在動脈內壁的LDL，防止動脈硬化，故稱為好膽固醇。 三酸甘油脂一併檢查 在正常情況下，人體合成、經食物攝取的膽固醇可以保持一定比例。不過現代人的大問題就是營養過剩、運動量不足、情緒緊張，影響身體調節，往往造成膽固醇過高，長期累積下來，就讓壞膽固醇「坐大」，引起血管硬化、危害健康。 康宏銘說明，血管硬化容易引發高血壓、心臟病（心肌梗塞）、腦血管阻塞、出血以及腎臟衰竭等其他器官病變，但膽固醇總量並非唯一的條件，因此在健檢時，必須要求另外檢查三酸甘油脂、以及HDL、LDL，還需注意是否有糖尿病、腎臟病等相關症狀，以及家族病史。 2008-09-20 Cholesterol control to control the mouth and stomach To lower cholesterol, usually low-cholesterol diet must be selective ingredients to reduce the high-calorie food. LIU Hui-min】 【many people know that high cholesterol can lead to cardiovascular disease, cholesterol, but you really know it? In fact, cholesterol is essential to human material, are too high or too low on health, it is necessary to know how to maintain health, to have a better understanding of cholesterol. Cholesterol is a lipid in the body, the Taipei Book Clinic family medicine physician Tian Kang Hong-ming, shows that 70% of its own synthesis of cholesterol from the liver and the other 30 percent comes from food intake, mainly of animal food. Good cholesterol and bad cholesterol Cholesterol is a major element of the human cell membrane, is the hormone adrenaline, the hormone of the elements can be transformed into acid helps the body to digest fats, an increase of red blood cells life, protection, enhanced features such as the maintenance of blood vessels, so cholesterol is too low, it will affect the body Function. If the breakdown of cholesterol in the blood, such as neutral fat, protein and combined into the material, known as LDL, can be divided into different weight to the low proportion of lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), as well as the proportion of high-lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL). The LDL is a risk factor for hardening of the arteries, is seen as "bad cholesterol", HDL can be attached to the artery wall to remove the LDL, to prevent atherosclerosis, it is called good cholesterol. Triglyceride together inspection Under normal circumstances, synthetic human body, the food intake of cholesterol can maintain a certain percentage. But the big problem is that modern nutrition and insufficient physical activity, emotional stress, regulate health effects, often caused by high cholesterol, the cumulative long-term, let the bad cholesterol "inflating", caused by hardening of the arteries, is hazardous to health. Kang Hong-ming, shows that hardening of the arteries is prone to lead to high blood pressure, heart disease (heart attack), cerebrovascular obstruction, bleeding, as well as kidney failure and other organ diseases, but the total amount of cholesterol is not the only conditions in the health check, it is important to request another Check triglyceride, and HDL, LDL, whether there is a need to pay attention to diabetes, kidney disease and other related symptoms, and family history. 2008-09-20 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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植超級晶體 近視老花全解決Super-sik short-old spent the entire lens solution

植超級晶體 近視老花全解決 【本報綜合報導】隨著年齡增加，人類的眼球晶體往往會變硬或老化，因而出現老花眼或白內障；而就算是年紀輕輕，近視或遠視也困擾著很多年輕人。英國科學家正在研發一種彈性超強的「超級晶體」，可以經由不到半小時的手術植入過程，讓眼睛免去上述一切煩惱。 英國每日郵報報導，「超級晶體」5到10年內就可以研發成功，一副要價2000英鎊（約3600美元），它可以讓一個45歲的中年人，眼睛因此年輕20歲。而由於「超級晶體」是用壓克力的材料做成，因此不用擔心日後會罹患白內障。 「超級晶體」由於具備超強的彈性，因此可以隨著眼部肌肉的帶動而調整形狀，進而調整不同的焦距，看清不同距離的目標物。換言之，「超級晶體」除了可以排除白內障的發生機率外，還可以同時解決近視、遠視和老花眼等問題，且不用每天花時間在戴眼鏡或卸除眼鏡上。 目前也有其它種人工製成的塑膠眼球晶體在臨床上使用，不過因彈性不足，只能解決近視或遠視其中一種毛病，更談不上根治老花眼。 英國伯明罕阿斯頓大學的教授渥夫斯漢表示，在中年的時候進行手術會比較沒有風險，因為這個年紀的人一般較健康，也比較能應付麻醉藥品。他還說，「這是一個一勞永逸的晶體。隱形眼鏡雖然便宜許多，但你必須不斷付錢。」 2008-09-23 Super-sik short-old spent the entire lens solution NEW YORK】 reported increased with age, the human eye's lens tends to harden or aging, thereby leading to cataracts or presbyopia; and even at a young age, myopia or hyperopia also troubled a lot of young people. British scientists are developing a super-elastic "super crystals", may be less than half an hour into the operation, so removed from the eyes of all the above-mentioned problems. British Daily Mail reported that "super crystals" 5-10 years can be successfully developed, the asking price for a 2000 pounds (about 3600 U.S. dollars), which allows a 45-year-old middle-aged, and therefore the eyes of young 20-year-old. As a "super crystals" is the acrylic material made, it will not have to worry about suffering from cataract. "Super crystals" With the super-flexible, so as the eye muscles can lead to adjust the shape, and then adjust the focal length, distance to see a different target. In other words, the "super crystals" In addition to rule out the possibility of cataract incidence, at the same time can solve the short-sightedness, presbyopia and hyperopia, and so on, and do not have to spend time in the day, wear glasses or glasses removed. At present, there are other kinds of artificial eye lens made of plastic in clinical use, but due to lack of flexibility, myopia or hyperopia can only solve one problem, let alone cure presbyopia. Britain, a professor at the University of Birmingham Aston Wofu Si Han said that in the middle of an operation when it would be more risk-free because of this age are generally healthier and more able to deal with narcotic drugs. He also said, "This is a once and for all the crystals. Lenses although many of the cheaper, but you have to keep paying." 2008-09-23 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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