大腦各部門 功能不同 The brain functions in different departments

大腦各部門 功能不同 圖一 圖二 大腦分成很多部門，各司其職。由於神經科學的進展，人類對大腦功能的瞭解，不僅止於如何進行，也知道大腦各部位分工的細節。例如肢體運動功能主要是額葉後部司掌，視覺功能在枕葉，思考在額葉前部，而記憶的儲存庫在顳葉上部等等（圖一）。 近年來，我們可以利用先進的實驗手段，在受檢者清醒的情況下，觀察到大腦的有關部分在執掌其功能時的運作情況（圖二）。圖片是一個人腦在放射線照射下，經電腦處理後所獲得的攝影。片中的影色反映大腦部位代謝的程度。代謝旺盛時，呈現紅色，不那麼旺盛時呈黃色；沒有表現出代謝時則為綠色。圖中的藍色是大腦中正常存在的「腦室」（其中充滿了藍色的腦液）。例如，思考時，額葉在活動；追憶時，顳葉在活動等等。 這個圖片顯示，枕葉區的顏色最紅，表示那裏正在進行旺盛的代謝。我們可以推想，受檢者正在看一張照片之類的東西。其他部位也有稀稀落落的紅色，表示其他地區也有旺盛的代謝活動。受檢者在看的同時，引起了一些思考（額葉的功能）和記憶（顳葉）。這是合理的推測，因為看見了某種情景後，是會引起思考和回憶的。 我們可以設想，如果讓受檢者閉上眼睛，作一個困難的心算題。那時的圖片大概是，前額葉呈現出濃密的紅色斑塊，而枕葉會是一片綠色。顳葉大概有相當的紅色斑塊，因為心算必然遷涉到一些記憶的功能。 在老人的腦功能衰退時，如果主要在思考方面，可以看到額葉的活動減退；記憶顯著減退時，顳葉的活動即顯不足。相反也是一樣。採取某種措施加強某種腦力活動時，如果看到相應的大腦部位更為活躍，那就說明，這個活動的確有效，諸如此類。 由於以上所述神經科學的飛躍進展，我們可以印證或探討所採取的措施，包括服藥、飲食和生活型態的調整（如運動和特定的腦力活動），是不是有益於促進大腦功能的發展，防止其退化。 上述的實驗檢查，由於設備的限制，花費不貲，因而還不能普遍應用。但在科學研究的領域，已進入實用的階段。對一些臨床的問題，也越來越有幫助。就本文的主題而言，它對人類大腦的功能進行的細節，提供了極大的門路，從而使我們對怎樣防止大腦功能衰退的問題，有了更好的理解和舉措。 ／劉鍾毅 2008-11-09 The brain functions in different departments A map Figure II The brain is divided into many departments, carry out their duties. Due to the progress of neuroscience, brain function of human understanding, not only about how to proceed, each part of the brain know the details of the division of labor. For example, motor function is the main charge of the Secretary at the rear of the frontal lobe, the visual function in the occipital lobe, frontal lobe in the front thinking, memory and storage in the upper part of the temporal lobe, and so on (Figure). In recent years, we can make use of advanced means of experiments, subjects in a clear, observed the relevant parts of the brain in charge of its function when the operation (Figure II). Is a picture in the human brain irradiation, treated by the computer obtained by photography. Film about the impact of color reflect the parts of the brain metabolism. High metabolism, a red, not so strong when the yellow; did not show at metabolites and green. The blue map is the existence of the normal brain, "ventriculoperitoneal" (which is full of blue liquid brain). For example, thinking, activity in the frontal lobe; recall, in the temporal lobe activity and so on. The pictures show that the occipital areas of the color red, said there are strong metabolism. We can assume that subjects looking at a picture and so on. There are also other parts of thinly red, other areas that have high metabolic activity. Subjects looking at the same time, raises a number of thinking (the frontal lobe function) and memory (temporal lobe). It is reasonable to speculate as to see some scenarios, there is going to be thinking and memory. We can imagine that, if the subjects close their eyes and make a difficult mental arithmetic problem. At that time about the picture is that the prefrontal cortex showed thick patches of red, and the occipital lobe is a piece of green. Temporal lobe is probably quite a patch of red, mental arithmetic because of the inevitable migration of some memory. In the old brain function decline, if mainly in the aspects of thinking, we can see that the frontal lobe activity decreased; memory decline significantly, the temporal lobe activity that is significantly less. On the other hand is the same. To take some measures to strengthen some kind of mental activity, to see if the corresponding parts of the brain is more active, it shows that this activity is indeed effective, and so on. Due to the above leap of progress in neuroscience, we can confirm or explore the measures taken, including medication, diet and lifestyle adjustments (such as specific movements and brain activity) is not conducive to the promotion of the development of brain function, To prevent them from degradation. Check the above experiment, because of equipment limitations, to spend a lot, which is not widely used. However, in the field of scientific research, has entered a practical stage. For some clinical problems, more and more helpful. This article on the subject, it is the human brain to carry out the functions of the details of the offers great opportunities, so that our brain functions and how to prevent a recession, a better understanding and initiatives. / Liu Zhong 2008-11-09 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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