「用進廢退」的大腦 "Disuse" of the brain

「用進廢退」的大腦 圖三 「用進廢退」是生物學中一個普遍的規律，人們早已有深刻的認識。但是，長期以來，科學家對於人進入老年以後，大腦功能是否繼續服膺它，卻有疑慮，因為一般認為中央神經系統的細胞，成年以後，不能新生或再生。這是筆者在60年前在學校學習神經生理學時公認的法則。但是，近一、二十年來，由於觀察手段的精進，有越來越多的證據顯示，成年人的中樞神經系統的細胞衰亡後也可以再生。近來有報導，提出了足以令人信服的證據，指出司掌學習新技術功能的大腦，至少在實驗的小鼠中，成年以後是可以新生的。 圖三顯示一個神經細胞，用來體現學習過程在細胞的水平上，是怎樣完成的。這些細胞構成神經活動的基本元素，因此又叫作神經元。它有一個細胞核，從細胞的四壁長出無數的小樹狀突，其功能是從別的神經元接受傳給它的資訊。這種資訊以電位元改變的形式傳來後，神經元作出反應。通過軸突，傳遞到下一個神經元的樹狀突或另一類細胞，如肌肉細胞，按其指示作出反應。這就構成基本的神經通路。 如圖所示，樹狀突短而多，軸突卻長而只有一條。為了使信息的傳達不受干擾，軸突四周由一層像電線外皮的髓鞘包繞起來。髓鞘也向長長的軸突提供保養，不必依靠已甩在老遠的「老家」運來。學習一門新技術時，必需開通很多以前從來沒有的新通路。為此，神經元就要長出更多的樹狀突。學得多，樹狀突就多。不學習，樹狀突就少。長久不學習，原有的樹狀突就消失了。我們可以設想，一個學有專長的教授，或者能作高難度的雜技演員，其大腦某些特定地區的神經元，一定有比一般人濃密得多的樹狀突。這種設想已在近年來，得到實驗的啟示，甚至證明。 ／劉鍾毅 2008-11-09 "Disuse" of the brain Figure III "Disuse" Biology is a general rule, people have been profound. However, for a long time for scientists to enter old age, the brain function of whether or not to continue to subscribe to it, there are doubts as is generally believed that the central nervous system cells, adult, not new or renewable. This is the author of 60 years ago in school learning neural recognized when Physiology law. However, the last one, over the past 20 years, as a means of observation to improve, more and more evidence that the adult central nervous system cells after the decline and fall can also be renewable. Recent reports have put forward a convincing enough evidence to charge the Secretary pointed out that learning new techniques of brain function, at least in the experimental mice, after the adult is the new-born. Figure III shows that a nerve cell to reflect the learning process in the cell level, what is completed. These nerve cells constitute the basic elements, it also called neurons. It has a nucleus from the cell walls of countless small tree growing process, and its function is to receive from other neurons to its information. This information to potential changes in the form of yuan came after the neurons respond. Through the axon, passing to the next neuron or another type of dendritic cells, muscle cells, such as in accordance with their instructions to respond. This constitutes a basic neural pathway. As shown, dendritic short, but long axons and there is only one. In order to convey information without interference, from around the axons skin layer of the myelin-like wire wrapping up. Myelin sheath axon long to provide maintenance, do not have to rely on have thrown away the "home", to. A study of new technologies, the need has never been opened, many of the new access road. To this end, it is necessary to grow neurons more dendritic. Learn much more on the dendritic. Do not study, dendritic less. Not for a long time to learn, the original dendritic disappeared. We can imagine that a learned professor, or can be difficult for the acrobat, and its specific areas of the brain neurons, there will be much more dense than the average person's dendritic. This vision has been in recent years, the experiment has been the inspiration, or even to prove. / Liu Zhong 2008-11-09 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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電子遊戲可減緩腦退化？Electronic games can slow down the degradation of the brain?

電子遊戲可減緩腦退化？ 近十多年來，電子遊戲熱潮逐漸向老人市場蔓延。目前很多電玩製品廠家特別針對老人的需要，推出產品促銷。例如，日本電子遊戲機製造商「任天堂」（Nintendo），最近專門派員到美國退休老人協會(AARP）舉辦的年會活動中，駐點展示其「益智」產品，同時前往老人院中安裝遊戲機，派人教授玩法。有些老人中心推廣數獨（Sudoku）遊戲，讓老人延緩大腦老化。阿滋海默氏病是老人腦力衰退最常見的病，防止腦力衰退，就意味防止或推遲阿滋海默病的發生。但腦力衰退真的是可以經訓練減緩的嗎? 人類的一切活動，都是通過神經系統的功能來實現。它分成兩大部份：周圍和中樞。周圍神經系統把身體所感受到的內外情況傳遞到中樞，同時把中樞的信息，傳達到身體內部和外在的有關器官，作出反應。而大腦，就是中樞神經系統的最高指揮部門。它把體內外各處傳來的資訊，進行分析和綜合，作出決定後傳出。人必需維護大腦的健康，才能正確執行無比複雜而精細的功能。 ／劉鍾毅 2008-11-09 Electronic games can slow down the degradation of the brain? The past decade or so, the video game craze gradually spread to the old market. At present, a lot of video products manufacturers in particular for the needs of the elderly, the introduction of product promotion. For example, the Japanese maker of video games, "Nintendo" (Nintendo), recently sent to the United States devoted to retirement association for the elderly (AARP) annual meeting organized by the campaign, gather to display their "educational" products, while old people's homes to install Rides, games, a professor sent. Some of sudoku promotion center for the elderly (Sudoku) game, so that the elderly slow the aging brain. Alzheimer's disease of the elderly are the most common mental decline of the disease and prevent mental decline, it means that prevent or delay the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. But the brain really is a recession can be trained to slow down it? All human activities, through the function of the nervous system to achieve. It is divided into two parts: the central and peripheral. Peripheral nervous system by the body to feel the internal and external circumstances to the transfer hub at the same time the central message conveyed to the external and internal body organ, to respond. The brain, central nervous system is the highest command. It has in vitro and in vivo from different parts of the information, analysis and synthesis, came after a decision is made. Were necessary to safeguard the health of the brain in order to correct the implementation of very complex and sophisticated. / Liu Zhong 2008-11-09 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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玩電玩可防腦衰 Playing video games can be anti-brain decline

玩電玩可防腦衰 根據大腦細胞萎縮發生的機制，其預防之道，顯然就是反其道而行之：多用腦，不讓它停息而廢退。只要是用腦的活動，都有益處，例如腦力勞動者晚退休，生活中多閱讀，常打麻將，猜字謎，玩樂器，學習外文或新技術等。 電子遊戲真能有益於防止腦功能衰退嗎？答案是肯定的。問題是，電子遊戲機（硬體）種類繁多，遊戲項目（軟件）更多，可以和錄像帶店中提供的各色電影之多比美，讓人眼花撩亂，如何選擇？的確，不是任何電子遊戲都對老人有益。為了做正確的選擇，以下對選擇的原則作一簡介： l按平臺分 玩遊戲必需要有一個適當的平臺。例如打麻將要有一張桌子，跳房子要有一小塊空地等等。電子遊戲的平臺就是一個電子硬體。按硬體的不同，電子遊戲有四種。 一、家用主機（Console）是最常見的遊戲平臺。發展的主力是日本的任天堂。由於電腦技術的進展，平臺能夠提供更真實化的畫面。目前以任天堂Wii型（其發音如讀We），XBOX360和PS3三種最受歡迎，成為家用主機的主力。任天堂Wii型可以利用現成的電視螢光屏放映。實際上它不再是單純的遊戲主機，而成為家庭客廳的多媒體娛樂中心，包括遊戲、視頻、圖片、音樂、網絡等。 二、掌上主機（Handheld）是1980年代末，隨著移動型電子產品，如行動電話的興起而流行起來的。最初的產品無法替換遊戲項目。現在的則像DVD放映機，可以替換遊戲項目，深受玩家的歡迎。目前以任天堂SD型為主力，玩家最多。 三、街機（Arcade）就是流行於街頭的商用遊戲機，其遊戲項目多為青少年所喜愛。 四、個人或辦公室所用的電腦。一般電腦中已安裝有一些遊戲項目，如撲克和骰子。文具店中也有多種項目出售，包括益智類。對家中有電腦而能使用的老人，十分適合。 l按項目性質分 傳統遊戲有很多種。例如桌上玩的有麻將和撲克，地上玩的有跳房子和跳繩，在球場玩的有各種球類。電子遊戲也是這樣，名堂多得不勝枚舉。在選購時，玩家首先要確定，在多種多類的遊戲中，想買甚麼性質的最好。就本文的讀者而言，以幫助老人防止腦力衰退的為主，又要符合自己的興趣，玩起來有味，因此，應當在益智類中選擇。它包括拼字，數字迷宮（所謂數獨Sudoku）等等。此外，桌上類，如撲克、下棋，也比較適合老人，還有偵探故事之類的遊戲，玩家扮演偵探的角色，參加辦案，可以推動玩家使用邏輯和推理，也在候選之列。 ／劉鍾毅 2008-11-09 Playing video games can be anti-brain decline According to the shrinkage of the brain cells took place a mechanism to prevent its way, it is clear that the opposite: to make more use of brain, it does not cease and disuse. As long as it is to use brain activity, the benefits are, for example, mental retirement late in life more read, often playing mahjong, puzzles guess, playing musical instruments, learning a foreign language or new technology. Video games can really benefit the brain to prevent a recession it? The answer is yes. The problem is that video games (hardware) and a large variety of items of the game (software) more, and can be provided by the video store as many colors than the film, dazzled people, how to choose? It is true that video games are not any good for the elderly. In order to make the right choice, on the following principles to make a choice: l according to the sub-platform Play the game must have a suitable platform. For example, should playing mahjong table, hopscotch to have a small piece of open space and so on. Video game platform is an electronic hardware. According to the different hardware, video game four. First, the host of household (Console) is the most common gaming platform. Japan is a major development of Nintendo. Due to the progress of computer technology, the platform can provide more of the true picture. Nintendo Wii to the current type (such as the time of its pronunciation We), XBOX360 and PS3 the most popular of the three has become the main host of household. Nintendo Wii can be used off-the-shelf type of TV show Ying Guangping. In fact, it is no longer a simple game console, and become the family's living room multi-media entertainment centers, including games, video, photos, music, networking and so on. Second, the handheld console (Handheld) is the end of the 1980s, with the mobile electronic products such as mobile phones and the rise of pop up. The initial product can replace Game Project. Now it's like DVD players, the game can be replaced, was welcomed by players. To the current Nintendo-SD for the main players the most. Third, the Arcade (Arcade) is popular in the streets of the commercial game, the game more projects for young people love. Fourth, personal or office computer used. General computer installed in some games, such as poker and dice. There are also a variety of stationery items for sale, including the puzzle. On the family computer and can be used by the elderly, very fit. l In terms of the nature of There are many traditional games. For example, on the table were playing mahjong and poker, playing on the floor of hopscotch and skipping, playing in the stadium were all kinds of ball games. The same is true for electronic games, more than making a list goes on and on. In the purchase, the player must first determine, in a variety of kinds of games, what kind of want to buy the best. This article on the readers, to help the elderly to prevent mental decline mainly, but also in line with their interests, play up Youwei, therefore, should select the type of puzzle. It includes spelling, digital maze (the so-called Sudoku Sudoku), and so on. In addition, the desktop category, such as poker, chess, but also more suitable for the elderly, but also like a detective story of the game, players play the role of the detective, participate in the case, the player can promote the use of logic and reasoning, are also candidates. / Liu Zhong 2008-11-09 View more information, see the World Journal reported that e-ePaper

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